There are threads here and there about various "sharpness tester" devices. The problem is, they only test what the test can test. I.E., the ability to cut thread doesn't necessarily correlate to the ability to cut rope or meat or wood or cardboard.
Then there's the question of what you are trying to find out: Just edge sharpness? Or edge holding through a certain amount of cutting tasks?
For practical tests, you don't need anything nearly this sophisticated. Phonebook paper is an excellent indicator of sharpness. Hair shaving is a time honored method for a certain level of sharpness. Murray Carter's "Three Finger Test" of sharpness is used by many also. I'm still not very good at the 3 finger test, but I think I'm getting better with it.
Brian.