Do different steels take on micro-serrations easier than others?

TheMightyGoat

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Perhaps it's just my imagination, but during my experience sharpening knives, carbon steel (particularly 1095) seems to take on micro-serrations easier than other steels. I'm not really sure if that's a good thing or not... I suppose that depends on the task that lays ahead for the blade.
 
People talk about them, and we like to assume they exist, but what do you actually see when you look under a microscope?
 
I certainly agree that some steels simply FEEL different in the cutting action - and I have my personal preference for the way that carbon tool steels cut. I first say that it seems not to do with hardness, toughness, edgeholding... it is much more subjective than that.

I suppose that every well-honed knife edge will have "micro-serrations" as the fresh grains are exposed with sharpening. The finer the grain structure, or the finer the grit of the honing medium, the finer the "teeth" at the cutting edge.

On a couple of D-2 blades I have had the opportunity to test. I personally felt that it was quite difficult to get a polished sharp edge but the blades would just bite deep into meat and slice like crazy. I tried to shave and it wouldn't, but pushed it a bit and the edge started to slice into my skin with a bite that was again, DIFFERENT from say, 1095 or O-1 steels.

On a different tack, you can create a relatively serrated edge by using a coarser honing medium, eg,- a 150 grit belt producing a toothier edge than say a 320 or 400grit belt.

Don't know if this makes sense in a non-scientific way. Jason.
 
I don't know about microserrations, but I've found that 1095 (on a Schrade Sharpfinger) can quickly pop up a shaving-sharp edge on a flat stone.
 
Crystal structure affects microtooth formation. Fine grained material like 440C exhibits little microtooth, coarse grained material like Stellite 6K has a significant microtooth structure on sharpening, amorphous material like Liquidmetal has no microtooth structure.
 
If you want microserrations, and yes they do exist, go to dendritic steel. David Boye and others casts 440-c (i.e. a casting process, not forging or stock removal) which gives it a crystalline structure that produces natural microserrations. During use the knife edge wears, but still will cut a tomato. You can cut through paper or thick rope and sharpen less often. Microserrations are a good thing, David Boye has made a very successful career out of them. Just like Ed Fowler and his forged technique, Boye has testing and electron micrographs to back up his claims.

However, as Jason says, if you want microserrations on any knife, don't hone it to a polished edge. Stop with a medium grit stone and you will leave microserrations on the edge. This is why the Spyderco sharpmaker video suggests that for many knives you stop with the medium grit stones. This type of "toothy" edge will cut longer than if you took it up a notch to a polished razor edge.

1095 is a relatively easy steel to sharpen. Maybe your impression of micro-serrations comes from a medium grit stone, or just that it is easier to sharpen than other steels.
 
TheMightyGoat, I have not seen any steel which refused to take an aggressive microserration pattern, note that the edge geometry makes a large difference in what microteeth will be produced at a given finish, ref :

http://www.bladeforums.com/forums/showthread.php?s=&threadid=214104

In short, knives with obtuse angles will form much finer micro teeth, and thus will feel far less aggressive - they will also cut worse due to the higher wedging action of the more obtuse angle. In general, stainless "tactical" blades have much more obtuse edges than utility carbon blades, which is why the latter respond better to rougher finishes, sharpen easier and in general simply cut better.

johnniet :

what do you actually see when you look under a microscope?

Something like this :

http://www.physics.mun.ca/~sstamp/images/microserrations.gif

Note two distinct levels of serrations, one large, and one small. A cheap 20x magnifier will allow you to see even fine serration patterns (five microns). Really coarse ones, like those left by a 100 grit AO belt are that large (0.15 mm deep) that you can even see them by eye.

george tichbourne :

Crystal structure affects microtooth formation.

While some materials are inherently more coarse than others (D2 has a 20+ micron grain structure with large segragated carbides compared to ~1 micron for 52100), the influence of the structure of the steel on slicing aggression is usually masked by the choice of sharpening abrasive and edge geometry. Thus in regards to the inherent cutting ability, this is promotional hype rather than a functional advantage.

brownshoe :

f you want microserrations, and yes they do exist, go to dendritic steel.

The reasons Boye's knives cut so well are the geometry and the choice of sharpening finish. He grinds knives with thin and acute edges (0.005-0.010" thick, and ~15 degrees per side), with rougher than normal finishes. They will easily be out sliced by knives with inherently finer steels, if those knives have rougher finishes or more acute edges.

-Cliff
 
Originally posted by johnniet
People talk about them, and we like to assume they exist, but what do you actually see when you look under a microscope?


Looks like this -

steeledge200.jpg



http://www.furiknife.com/information/Tech Edge/microscope.htm


- Frank
 
Cliff, interesting statement. It appears that you believe the advantages of dendritic steel is BS and it's all in the rough grind coupled with good edge design. By that do you mean to say David Boye is a charaltan in his claims of superior performance due to crystalline structure? What about Boye's micrographs of dendritic 440c steel and ordinary 440c? Are they fakes? What about his rope testing comparisons, same edge, same maker, same steel, one stock removal the other cast? These show dendritic to be superior.
 
brownshoe :

By that do you mean to say David Boye is a charaltan in his claims of superior performance due to crystalline structure?

What exactly is he stating, if it is that the superior cutting performance of his knives is simply due to the inherent properties of the steel - then I don't agree. Initially I thought this was the case as well, and such comments were made in a few reviews, which have been recently updated due to experienced gained in the last several years.

I have used several of his knives (and many other materials which are supposedly inherently more aggressive like Talonite) - and have blades (not dendritic) that will cut much better and have far longer edge life as the edges are ground more acute or the sharpening abrasive better matched to the type of cutting.

As an example of just how much of an effect such changes can make check the performance of a custom D2 blade on hemp rope, with two different geometries and two different edge finishes in the following review :

http://www.physics.mun.ca/~sstamp/knives/mel_sorg.html#hemp

That blade with the 100 grit AO finish and modified edge profile, would readily out cut, and outlast any of Boyes Drop Point hunters on hemp cutting, due to a much thinner and more acute edge and massively greater micro-teeth due to the very coarse finish.

What about Boye's micrographs of dendritic 440c steel and ordinary 440c? Are they fakes?

There are indeed differences among various steels in regards to carbide segregation and grain sizes, however this aspect is of the scale of 1 to 10 microns. A coarse finish left by a rough sharpening can produce teeth 150+ microns in size and is then easily the critical factor.

I have used Boyes knives at high polishes and they are far less aggressive than even the simplest of steels with much more aggressive finishes. Such as a simple steel with a high polish will also out push cut one of Boyes blades with his recommended more coarse finish. As an example of such a comparison :

http://www.bladeforums.com/forums/showthread.php?s=&threadid=261961

What about his rope testing comparisons, same edge, same maker, same steel, one stock removal the other cast? These show dendritic to be superior.

First off, he is a maker promoting material he is selling, so I don't consider that to be an unbiased source of information. If I asked any manufacturer about their quality of product compared to someone in direct competition to them I would expect that a certain amount of bias would be present.

Does Boye note clearly when promoting the inherent slicing advantage of his more aggressive steel that this is going to be accompanied by a direct loss in push cutting ability? Does he give equal representation the brittle nature of cast steels as he does their inherent aggression?

Anyway, in regards to edge holding, I have noticed with several steels that the way in which the microteeth degrade may be influenced by the structure of the steel, ref :

http://www.bladeforums.com/forums/showthread.php?s=&threadid=214104

http://www.bladeforums.com/forums/showthread.php?s=&threadid=226263

This factor may be significant in the degredation of dendritic steel. I wish that I had the experience I have now when I had several of Boyes knives, it would have been informative to compare them at similar edge geometries and various finishes to other non-dendritic steels.

It should be noted that such self-sharpening effects become an influence when the blades are seriously degraded, and again, as in all such comparions, the effect of geometry and grit of sharpening abrasive are critical. In fact, with Boyes steel you are more limited in geometry due to the inherent brittle nature of the steel as it is cast.

Another point which is often overlooked in gross simplifications made about edge retention is that the performance on hemp isn't a complete picture. Edge retention can be superior in other steels because of greater hardness, toughness or ductility depending on the type of cutting. Whittling very hard woods for example is much more dependant on hardness than wear resistance, and any inherent aggression of the dendritic steel would actually be a drawback.

I would also note, that after doing many hemp cutting comparisons, it is not a trivial thing to simplify relative performance becuase it is a *nonlinear* effect, something which is usually ignored but quite critical to any conclusion made about relative ability. It is also necessary to repeat such cuttings many times to reduce the effect of variations, and have a well determined way to quantify the stopping point, basically a fairly high precision way to quantify the sharpness.

-Cliff
 
I guess you are claiming he is a charlatan. Boye claims that dendritic steel makes a great knife that will take a fine edge, cut for a long time w/o sharpening, is relatively easy to sharpen, and is stainless.

Maybe you missed the point of his work. He wasn't comparing D2 vs. his dendritic 440C. He was comparing stock removal 440C vs. dendritic cast 440C. At the time, 440C was, and some still believe, the best stainless steel available. In Boye's work, he conciously set aside non-stainless steels. For hard working people, stainless is the way to go. Remember he lost a family member in a fishing net accident, which lead him to develop a great stainless pocket knife that you could cut yourself out of a dire straight. That mission finally lead him to his cobalt knives, long before talonite was a hot topic. Currently, he only does his ultimate design, a cobalt bladed pocket knife for under $100. Also, Boye wanted a knife that could be readily sharpened by normal people and also kept a cutting edge for a long time. Therefore, knives that outcut dendritic steel, because they are harder, would be harder to sharpen, and thus outside of Boye's design criteria. Maybe you don't know this, but on his Basic series, Boye designs sharpening guides into the blade to assure a correct angle in freehand sharpening.

You might question his micrographs, but in his etched blades, you cannot deny the grain structure you can see with your own eyes. This grain structur is also present on the edge.

Just to give you some more information. David Boye states in his literature that accompanies all his knives that they should be sharpened with a medium grit stone. He also warns that his knives are designed as cutters and slicers and will fail if used inappropriately. I had one Boye knife chip when it was used as a chopper and hit steel. David reground the edge for free.

Finally, I think that it is insulting to say:

First off, he is a maker promoting material he is selling, so I don't consider that to be an unbiased source of information. If I asked any manufacturer about their quality of product compared to someone in direct competition to them I would expect that a certain amount of bias would be present.

Boye compared his 440C to his dendritic, not to someone else's product. He doesn't compare his knives performance directly with others.

However, the logic by which you discount Boye's and other knifemaker's opinions, can be used on your reviews. You have so much ego invested into being a knife tester, that you cannot objectively draw conclusions. You forget the lack of science behind your testing. Your conclusions are couched in science terms, but your science is piss poor. You state that rope testing is tough and is non-linear, this sounds like science. However, the biggest flaw in your testing is the lack of a sound statistical design. You only test a single knife. Your best work so far in steel comparisons is with your AG deerhunters in different steels, but still it's a population of 1. With a population of 1 you can't even measure the level of confidence of your results.

Ferreting out scientific fraud is one of my jobs. The most insidious fraud is perpretrated by researchers who have such a large opinion of themselves, that they can no longer clearly judge their experimental designs and conclusions. These types of researchers most often make conclusions that go beyone their work and they start their experiments with expected conclusions that are always proven true.

Dendritic steel is old fashioned. It's not the best in hard impacts. However, it will whittle quite nicely. It's one hell of a slicer. Boye puts one of the best edges on a knife in the world. I believe his micrographs plus my eyes and his etched blades give me objective evidence that there is a dendritic structure. Yes a good D2 knife may slice longer, but it will rust and usually it's at a high rockwell, and thus is hard to sharpen. I have a population of 3 different blades, so I can objectively judge steel and edge performance, and maybe not much else, however it's better than a population of just one.
 
brownshoe :

Boye claims that dendritic steel makes a great knife that will take a fine edge, cut for a long time w/o sharpening, is relatively easy to sharpen, and is stainless.

I would agree with all of that, and have made such statements in the past.

He wasn't comparing D2 vs. his dendritic 440C.

Neither was I specifically, that was just an example. An Opinel will out cut a Boye Drop point hunter as the Opinel is of thinner stock and has a similar edge geometry. If the Opinel is sharpened much more coarse it will also give better edge retention on hemp rope.

Therefore, knives that outcut dendritic steel, because they are harder, would be harder to sharpen ...

That is a myth. Ease of sharpening is far more dependant on blade geometry and suitability of the steel to the task at hand, does the edge roll, chip or rust too readily.

Boye designs sharpening guides into the blade to assure a correct angle in freehand sharpening.

Yes, I haved used one.

You might question his micrographs ...

I clearly stated the microstructure is different, grain size and extent of carbide segregation vary widely from one steel to another. I simply stated that it is rarely the dominant effect in cutting ability or edge retention. I also noted that as with most enhancements there are downsides, specifically that a enhancing slicing ability by aggression will tend to degrade push cutting ability.

Just to give you some more information. David Boye states in his literature that accompanies all his knives that they should be sharpened with a medium grit stone.

Which is one of the critical reason why they slice so aggressively and last for so long.

Boye compared his 440C to his dendritic, not to someone else's product.

Others use the material in a market he is in competition for.

However, the logic by which you discount Boye's and other knifemaker's opinions, can be used on your reviews.

No as I don't make any money off of them.

You have so much ego invested into being a knife tester, that you
cannot objectively draw conclusions.

I can see where this comes from. And this is one of the reasons why I attempt to be as detailed as possible about exactly what was done so others can attempt to duplicate it (many are subject to pass arounds). As well giving a detailed description of the knife in question, so it can be judged as a reject or being what is to be expected, as many aspects of performance are specifically just geometrically controlled and independent of the user. But yes at some level you either believe that I write what I have seen without picking or chosing work, or just making it up altogether to support a particular product.

I would argue however, that many if not all of the reviews contain a balance of performance to reduce the promotional aspect, where the knives don't do so well, where there are better choices. There are lots of posts and other such references to comparisions where the blades that I would usually recommend, do not come off as being superior, such as the Becker vs Swamp Rat bone cutting noted in the Combat Bowie review. This doesn't stop me from including it in the review. I also don't give manufacturers / maker editorial power over the reviews, or accept knives for free (reviewed blades are returned or donated to a passaround) or even discounts on the blades.

But yes unless you know me, or have seen personally what I have done, obviously doubt is a reality especially when you have seen differently. I would argue that my history would speak against this - but I realize many people do believe it, and maybe I would be one of them if we switched places, I would hope to be more objective however and instead explore the other possible reasons to explain the difference in observation.

In any case this isn't the most obvious source of bias. Many of the blades are specifically donated for review, and there is then the obvious possiblity of the QC being a little higher than normal. In general I don't think this is that much of an effect - mainly because I have seen gross flaws in such blades. Though I realize that it probably is in general a problem, it hasn't been an issue from what I have seen. This judgement is however significantly influenced by personal interactions I have had with the people who send out the blades and the makers involved so it isn't a conclusion an outside observer can so readily make.

You only test a single knife.

No, there have been multiple reviews of several samples of the same knife.

However, in general many are single samples, not of steels as usually I use several examples, and when the results are different from the past experiences the reviews will be updated and cross linked. But specific blade patterns are often used in isolation, which is fine as that is all you need to look at geometry and issues of balance and weight and so on. Where steel exposure is limited however there is always the question so to if the behavior seen was representative of the population as a whole (the behavior of the VG-10 Deerhunter for example as was discussed in the thread).

Those kinds of questions can be dealt with by asking the manufacturer for performance expectations which are guaranteed. For example I commented on Lukes Battle Mistress that the tang extended0.055" above the spine (0.055") which made the grip very abrasive. Busse then clarifed that this was abnormal, the tang should not be raised that high, and such problems would be addressed by Busse Combat. When such statements are publically made by makers/manufacturers they will be included in the review, usually as reference links.


With a population of 1 you can't even measure the level of confidence of your results.

Yes, with only one sample, you can not estimate the variance independently, however it is obvious that it isn't unknown - the variance is directly the maker/manufacturer QC. For really cheap blades this can indeed be massively high. Look at the Ontario reviews for example, I saw widely different behavior from one blade to the next as the steel properties are not very consistent. Same thing with the Becker blades, I saw chipping readily on the Machax on woods, but the Combat Bowie (with a more acute edge) could cut even frozen bone without problems. Which reminds me that the Machax review needs to be updated to include the Bowie performance as they are the same steel. Thus I would caution in general against looking at single samples when the QC is low, and always recommend getting a guaranteed statement of expected performance from a maker/manufacturer, just ask them if it is the expected behavior or not.

Dendritic steel is old fashioned.

The segregation of carbides is a well known problem in steels, it is the fundamental driving force behind the CPM process for example. What Boye has to be commended for is looking at something that most people automatically rejected with out of hand. There are by the way lots of other dendritic steels, there is also dendritic D2 for example.

Boye puts one of the best edges on a knife in the world.

Indeed, Phil Wilson uses similar geometry, he noted that his grind geometry was very influenced by Boye. His blades will cut better because he uses thinner stock, and the edge retention will be higher because of the harder and higher alloy blades. Toughness isn't high though, these are beater utility blades, but like Boye very tightly focused, though he has done some 3V blades for cutting competitions.

-Cliff
 
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