John; Others may disagree with me, but, I feel strongly that the answer to your question is "no". Correct or desired Rockwell hardness does not address the microstructure of the steel at all, it only indicates the hardness at the spot tested. so, it is possible to heat treat two pieces of the same steel differently, and end up with the same hardness, although one piece might have better toughness and edge holding than the other. That's right, more toughness AND more edge holding (wear resistance). This has lots to do with the steel's response to the heat treat cycle it was subject to, and how the alloying additions reacted to the process.
What you can be pretty sure of, is if you test a blade twice, and get the same hardness value, that the whole piece is probably the same hardness. I test the thickest section, as it is likely to be the softest part.
RJ Martin