OK hang on we are going to go DEEP on this one.
There is a divide in Naval history, this takes place roughly around the mid to late 18th century. This is when most countries started to maintain an official navy, with the ship being owned by the government not just drafted into service.
Before the divide is when things are most hazy. All ships were merchant ships. There was no such thing as a fighting vessel (at least not in Europe). Ships were armed for protection from rouge ships or ships from other nations. Even the Golden Hind, which was the biggest baddest ship of its day (three gun decks) was mainly used for trade and trips to the Americas.
Every ships crew was made up of two differant types of men. Soldiers and sailors. Sailors kept the ship going straight (at least in thoery
). Soldiers or marines were there to fight yes, but also to gather food, and to protect the sailors any time they were on shore (any shore). Very often ships would have to weigh in at various islands to resupply. This could be for timber, food, or whatever they might have needed. These islands while mapped (most of the time) were not anywhere close to being settled. I remember reading a ships manifest once. It was headed to resupply the Colonies. In its hold it carried 16 full suits of armour. Never specified if these were for trade or for use by the marines, but interesting none the less.
Also before and after the divide, you had a little thing called a Letter Of Mark. This paper allowed you to attack any ship or outpost that belonged to another nation. In return you had to pay the crown a percentage of your gains. Drake, Raliegh, and Hawkins are just a few of the hundreds of ship owners with a Letter Of Mark. This however did not make them "pirates". Ships operating under Mark were refered to as Privateer Vessels (note the private, as in property). The only ships that were off limits were ships under there own flag. So if you had a British Mark, British ships were off limits. This however was not always followed, that is were "pirates" started to surface. These rouge ships were very rare in Europe. Most sailors could tell ships apart from miles away, this made hiding after a pirate attack nearly impossible. And most rouge captains were hunted down and hung very quickly.
(Side note, Most battles at sea occured with out a shot being fired. Ships could not risk the damage. A vessel would normally aproach a weaker vessel and raise a red flag (jolly rouce sp?)(that is were Jolly Roger came from). The weaker ship would almost always surrender ( or if it could, run). The crew of the attacking ship would board and help themselves to some (never all) of the ships stores. The two ships would then part with no problems.)
Now with the creation of the Royal Navy things were about to change. Brittian started to settle colonies throught the world. The Carribian, Indies and South Pacific were the hot spots for the "modern" pirate. With heavly armed fighting vessels patroling all major trade routes, merchant vessels gave up carrying heavy loads of defensive weapons. The could move faster, carry more cargo and make more money. The risk to rouge ships dropped and their activity grew. The chances of being caught also dropped due to the seemingly unlimited hidden coves in which they could hide from patrol ships. This is the golden age of the Pirate. These crews were indeed made up of the worst of the worst. And since the ships "owner" was also normally the captian, the way things occured on board changed. No longer did the Gunner or Quartermaster provide arms for the ships. Each man supplied his own. So it made for a true hodge podge of weapons. By this time the Cutlass was on the rise. Its dramaticly curved blade gave it a great advantage over the waining hanger in the confines of a ships deck. And its full cup hilt provided a great deal of protection for the user. You also did not need a great deal of training or skill to be deadly with it. While bows and crossbows were still more common, the inventions of the Doglock, Snapounce, Flintlock and Percussion Cap made the use of firearms at sea more practical.
Pirate captians still did not like to take undue risks in battle. The prefered method was to make your first battle as brutle as possible, then other ships seeing your flag would prefer to surrender and lose all their stores. It was not uncommon for entire crews to be skinned and hung from the rigging, or beheaded and impailed on boarding pikes. Very often after such a display the pirate ships flag would be drawn on the deck of the victims ship.
(Side note: there is not one single historical referance to the all to often seen skull and cross bones, this was first used by Hollywood and made famous by Disney. However the themes of skulls, bones, blood drops, and skeletons were very common and very popular.)
Word would spread like wildfire, and that pirate ship normally would never shed another drop of blood.
These are of course the most common "normals". There will always be some referances that seem to slap in the face of the above information. In historical times just as today, we are made up of many people cultures and personalities, so some discrepancies are bound to arise.
BOY, I now have a killer headache. So ends this session of Pirates 101.
R.W.Clark