I sharpen my large blades - axes, machetes, HI khukuri - on my 1x30 without concern. Maybe i just have better natural skill than some, or maybe I just understand the underlying physics of sharpening, i.e. abrasion.
To avoid removing too much metal and over-heating the blade, don't hold the blade against the belt - it's that simple. Also, the finer belts don't take off much material quickly, grain size is too small, but they do heat up the edge in a hurry. HOWEVER, steel tempering is performed at ~300C, hot enough to change the color (
reference wiki article). Given that a large metal kukri uses the rest of the knife to act as a heat-sink, even with the lower mass near the edge it is difficult to get it that hot unless you are doing something VERY wrong. Sharpening on a belt-sander only differs from sharpening on a static surface in the amount of movement. On a static abrasive, you pass the entire edge in a smooth motion, repeating as necessary to achieve the proper depth at all point along the edge or generate an even burr. Such gentle passes even on a belt-grinder won't burn the blade unless you are grinding to a
very fine edge, in which case you probably shouldn't be using a machine at all.
To gain confidence, one can practice on cheaper knives, something you pick up at St. Vinnie's or Goodwill. Use higher grit than hobby-shop 80 (which takes a LOT of material off very quickly). I use 220, 600, and 15 micron belts for sharpening and polishing, maybe stropping on notebook paper just for a final check. Leather belts and compound aren't necessary. Use light pressure, just like static sharpening, letting the abrasives do the cutting for you. Be careful near the tip, it's easy to round off. Check the blade after each pass, and if it is too hot to touch, wait a moment for it to cool.
Belt-sander sharpening is really quite easy and quick, esp. for large blades. Don't worry about ruining the temper, I've never even heard of someone doing that... other than Bark River.