Of your choices, and as a general rule, S30V and CPM 154 would be the toughest. 154 CM and 440C would be next.
For the ability to hold an edge, S30V would be best, followed by CPM 154 and 154 CM. 440C would be last.
But your requirements -- be ready for anything and everything -- is a little vague. And your question cannot really be answered unless you also specify the blade geometry and heat treat/hardness. Asking which steel is best without knowing anything about the knife other than length is like asking which car is better, one 15 feet long or one 17 feet long. Could be either. Likewise, any of those steels could be best, depending on other factors.
If you need the maximum toughness, you'd be better off with non-stainless. 3V comes to mind.
You might also want to consider Elmax, which is a really good stainless steel.
But I think you ought to first look at blade geometry and knife design. Narrow down what you really need from the knife. And then go shopping for steel.