This is an interesting question. It is a subject I've been interested in for years. I'm no expert, but I've picked up a few things I'll share.
Blades and other components (such as liners etc) that lend themselves to it are punched out or fine blanked. These would be higher volume applications. You can frequently recognize stamped parts because they have a bit of a rounded over edge on the side facing the female part of the die. The sheared edge is generally dressed up some, frequently manually. I think some larger blades may even still be drop forged in closed dies. The Buck 119 perhaps?
Lower volume applications that don't justify a tool and also high end knives where distortion from stamping would be unacceptable are frequently laser cut or waterjet.
I don't think there are a lot of manually ground bevels these days except for custom and semi custom knives. Knives like Dozier and Reeves are still hand ground, but most knives (such as Spiderco and Buck) are mostly CNC ground. There are some old automatic blade grinders that are not CNC controlled that are still used, I expect they're probably controlled with cams and/or hydraulic feed, similar to an old B&S automatic screw machine. Some grind both side of the blade at the same time, smaller setups may only grind one side at a time. Not all are ground, some are milled with large inserted carbide face mills. These can be two axis machines, three, four and even five axis.
Case knives are still largely handbuilt (with stamped components) in an old style of making things, and their old knife designs dictate this approach. Lots of manual grinding, polishing, riveting. A $40 Case may have more hand work in it than a $400 Sebenza, which is largely CNC machined (Chris is a machinist, so there you go). The Sebenza is a much nicer knife though. "Hand made" does not necessarily mean "better". Like anything else, it depends on how its done and the skill of the hands. A well machined and hand fit pocket knife is going to be about as close to perfect as you're going to get.
Heat treat on an industrial scale can be in batches (electric and gas fired ovens and fluidized beds) or in continuous production with conveyor belts and ovens or induction heaters. I think some cheap knives may be stamped and ground of prehardened strip. (HRC low 50's and below)
Finishing can be done automatically in vibratory finishing machines (again, Chris Reeves) or on large loaded buffing wheels (Case).
This is a cool subject. I hope others will chime in here.
