I have tried Birchwood Casey walnut stain, Rustins wood stain, potasium permangernate, leather dye and chromic acid (chromium trioxide) and had the best results with the acid. It requires several coats, and time, and rinsing/neutralising, but isn't really all that much trouble.
Just be aware that it contains hexavalent chromium, which is both toxic, and carcinogenic
Aniline dyes based in wood alcohol are deep penetrating. If you want a dark brown stain, you could use shoe leather dye which is alcohol based, which I have used on a muzzloader gunstock.
Minwax makes good stains but they are oil based and not deep penetrating.
A source for aniline dyes is Constantine's in New York:
once again I have to say I love the colour " vinegar and steel wool" produces.Make the mixture up and let it sit for about a week and strain it off.Apply 3 or 4 coats letting it dry in between and apply more if you want a darker finished product. steel wool the raised grain off and go at it with a 50/50 double boiled linseed oil /turpentine mixture. Just put enough on to slightly wet the piece and hand rub it in. 10-20 applications later and you have a nicely couloured satin finished handle reminiscent of the finest gunstock you could ever hope for.Good luck and if you use this feel free to email if you have any questions.As for penetration It does go deep but I dont think that it will go 5/16" deep without applying it to both sides before glue up.
Paul savageknives@golden.net
savageknives.ca
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