The VAT, or value added tax, is indeed one of the factor leading to the much higher prices paid for by Europeans. The VAT varies between 19% and 25% in Europe. It is very popular with the governments because of the significant amounts of revenue it brings in. The way it works is that at each transaction, a specific amount is added as a "consumption tax", even if nothing is consumed. The last figures I saw had European countries having a VAT revenue of 28% (Switzerland) to 52% (Denmark) of the GDP.
A typical example uses 10% for simplified math, but just double the numbers for a 20% VAT.
Let's say a farmer sells his cotton for $10 and the cotton is eventually sold as a shirt. (Bad assumption because a farmer would NEVER get $10 for the amount of cotton that goes into a single shirt, but it makes for easy math.)
At each transfer point, assume the seller makes a 10% income (from which he pays all his expenses) and assume a VAT of just 10%.
The flow of goods is farmer to broker to mill to factory to wholesaler to retailer to consumer.
By the time the consumer buys the shirt, the final cost of the shirt is $28.53, of which $8.35 is income at the various levels and $10.18 is cumulative VAT.
So the government makes more than all the sales levels combined. AND they get to charge income tax on whatever the end profit after expenses. Win-Win for big government.
Go the current US method - sales tax charged only at the final sale. The final price for the consumer is only $16.11 + sales tax. If that is 10%, then the final price to the consumer is $17.72. And since the US does not have a national sales tax, Big government gets nothing. They can only get income tax on whatever profit is left after expenses on the $6.11 of total income.
No wonder advocates of big government are always saying a VAT would be more fair. More fair for whom? The government, not the consumer.