Bad Maxim #50 or me?

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Jun 15, 2015
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Hey guys, hopefully someone has some insight into my issue.

I hardening a few 1095 blades yesterday in a brand new 5 gallon batch of Maxim #50 and couldn't get a single one to harden.

I've been working with 1095 for quite a while now and none of my procedures have changed. I start with 2 1575 degree normalizing cycles followed by a 15 minute soak at 1475 then into the quench.

Bad bar of steel, bad oil...Bad bladesmith?



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Try a different steel see if the results are the same...
 
Forgot to mention, I also tried hardening 2 San mai blades made from 15n20 and 1084. They wouldn't harden either. They were normalized at 1550 and hardened at 1500.

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Not personal experience, a local mentor told me that he does the hardening cycle twice with 1095. A single cycle wasn't doing it. With a second one it was good. I think I have read on here that doing a quick brine quench followed by oil yields good results with 1095 as well. Interested, as I have a bar of 1095 that I was holding onto until I finished my oven.
 
The first things to look at are the oil temp and the steel temp. Parks #50 is used at room temp. It will not harden fast quench steels like 1084, 1095, and W2 properly at 130F.

Second, make sure the steel is at the desired temp. How did you determine the 1575/1500/1475F? If it is the readout on a HT oven, then do a check to see that the oven is reading properly.

Third, are you sure it isn't hard. I get an email almost once a week from someone who has normalized and quenched a blade that a file still bites. It may Rockwell test at Rc55. I tell them to grind off 2-3 thousandths all over the blade and then test again. Nearly every time it is hard beneath the thick layer of decarb.



The steel condition could be a problem too. I would do the first cycle at 1600F to 1650F and then do the 1575/1475. Fully spheroidized steel may need significant normalization to get back to a hardenable state. I would suggest you quench the steel from the 1575 step iof you have been having problems.

This is where a double/triple quench has advantages. It allows all the steel to convert to martensite and pearlite on the first/second quench, and then to convert to finer grained martensite on the second/third quench. I usually quench my steel on the second step of normalization, followed by the final austenitization and quench.

Here is what is happening:
In the first heat to 1600+F, the steel fully dissolves the spheroid structure and puts everything back into solution. Upon cooling (fast of slow) it converts into a normal structure (pearlite on a slow cool and martensite on a fast cool). If doing only one step before the final quench, it is best to quench this step.

The second cycle takes the newly formed grains and puts the carbon back into solution to form FCC iron-carbon bonds. Upon the quench from this step, the structure will form BCC martensite in a fine grain. If doing a third step, this step prepares the steel to a fine grain structure and proper condition.

If doing a triple quench, the second step has refined the grain, and the final quench just assures the temperature and all else is right for a final fine grain martensite to form upon cooling.


On your blades, I would re=austenitize the blade and quench from 1500F again. I bet it comes out fully hard.
 
Stacy if I understand correctly, when you say that the steel is fully spheroidized, that's essentially saying that it's fully annealed, correct?
If not, what's the difference between the two?
 
Spheroidize annealed steel is when the steel is held at around 1250F for 6 or more hours. The carbides ball up in rods and spheres. This makes the matrix pretty much pure iron, and is the softest state of annealing. It drills and machines the best in this state. The bundles are so tightly bonded that you have to heat about 300-400F above Ac1 and hold there for 15-30 minutes to re-dissolve things and put all the carbon back in solution. If the carbon stays tied up, the steel will act like 1030 when quenched, and barely be hardened. With the carbon dissolved again, the steel acts like a hyper-eutectoid steel, and the carbon bonds with the iron, creating a hard martensite when cooled fast enough.

Aldo's steel is fully spheroidized, and need a long soak above 1600F to get things ready for hardening.
 
There is course and fine spheroidizing too. Course spheroidizing requires higher temps to break up the carbides. Fine spheroidized require minimal soak. The steel we buy, except from AKS, is course spheroidized.

This is a subcritical anneal. There is annealing that leaves steel in a pearlite state. Pearlite is harder to machine and grind than spheroidized steel.
 
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