I love old carbon steel kitchen knives. The key to them, as has been alluded to, is maintenance. I take the time to get them sharp and use a knife steel on them after each use. When I am done I dry them off, 2-3 quick passes on the steel, and put them away. They stay sharp for quite a while before I need to go to the stones again.
This also works well with a tougher, fine grained stainless like 12c27. I'm guessing that something like Victorinox steel would respond to steeling as well. Someone with more knowledge of stainless might chime in and tell you that. Obsessed With Edges?
I would guess that with a harder and more brittle steel, the same could be done with a ceramic hone.
For carbon, a few passes on a quality steel takes literally seconds.
Yes. Most fine-grained stainless like Victorinox's, Opinel, Case, Buck, etc will usually respond well to light steeling, up to a point. All of them around 0.5% carbon (give or take) and enough chromium (12-14% or more) to make them fully stain-resistant in kitchen use. And all of them in the mid-to-high 50s HRC, which leaves them ductile & tough enough to periodically realign the edge on a steel, and maybe even enhance sharpness with a little bit of burnishing as well, thinning the edge. And I've sometimes perceived that they seem to work-harden the edge a bit as well, seemingly strengthening the edge a little bit and improving its stability in use. But again, that's only up to a point.
When I've used a steel as above for kitchen knives, they can be maintained for several weeks of fairly light & non-abusive use in the kitchen. I've noticed, at some point though, the thin edge will start to behave erratically, moving around quite a bit from cut to cut. It gets weakened & embrittled by the work-hardening effect of the repeated realigning over time (at least, that's my interpretation of what happens). The net effect is, you'll see it cut well on one pass, then it'll slip or otherwise fail on the next, sometimes going back & forth like that as the unstable edge moves around from side to side. That's the cue to take the edge back to a stone and scrub off the weakened steel and reset the edge. I like using a Fine India stone for that, on steels like these.
( Edited to add: )
Full disclosure - These days, I'm usually more inclined to use a ceramic hone for quickly touching up the kitchen knives I use. So, I'm not doing as much steeling as I once was. In terms of metal removal, I think it's basically a wash between the two methods. Either I wait for the steeled edge to become unstable and therefore do more heavy resetting of the edge on a stone, or I just give the edges maybe 3-5 light passes on the ceramic, maybe once a week. I tend to favor the somewhat more 'bitey' edge coming off the ceramic, as opposed to a steeled edge which becomes somewhat more burnished or polished with repeated steeling.