Regarding differences between G10 vs. Micarta vs. Carbon Fiber: as an engineer, it's actually hard to say, generally. When you look at material providers, the only difference between G10 and Micarta is that G10 layers are adhered to using epoxy resins, whereas, with Micarta, the layers are glued using phenolic resins. Mostly, G10 has glass fibers, and Micarta linen, paper or fabric. But you can buy Micarta with glass or even carbon fibers. What's called "Carbon Fiber" is usually epoxy with Carbon Fibers, but, some "Carbon Fibers" have glass in them. Also density-wise, there are overlapping spectra for the two materials.
As a user, besides looks, the main difference is what texture is applied. My favorite is textured Carbon Fiber, like the peel-ply as it comes from Spyderco, or textured Hinderer scales (a bumpy rough pattern). Easy to wash, and stays as new forever.