Unless the existing tang is very short, there will be no real problem. The heat doesn't conduct back that far enough to raise the blade above the tempering point. Placing a sheet of metal over the blade, clamping it in a vise, or wrapping it in a damp cloth can help if you are worried.
When I silver solder on an extension, I set the blade with the tang upright in a third-hand clamp or vise, and apply the hard solder or brazing metal to the extension. When it flows, I place the extension in place on the tang and braze them together. Once solidified, I stick the blade portion in the slack tub to cool it off, and let the joint air cool.
Re-temper the blade after this to make sure the tang isn't brittle.
However, I don't know how well Damasteel will silver solder. You might be better off to weld the extension on. Try it out on some scrap first to see.