Do you know why you can't polish the edge and have it retain the "sharpness"? Is something breaking down the edge while removing scratches? I am not disputing what
you're saying, just wondering why a polished s30 edge does not stay sharp.
Much depends on what's used for polishing. S30V is a steel that really benefits from using diamond (or cbn)
entirely, from start to finish. If polishing it, something like 3-micron and finer diamond on a strop of firm or hard wood works very well, to keep the apex very crisp. I've used 3-micron diamond paste on basswood to polish the edge of one of my folders in S30V (Kershaw Leek), and the result was impressive, leaving a shaving-sharp polished edge that was as stable as should be expected for most mainstream steels.
If lesser abrasives, like aluminum oxide compounds, are used for polishing S30V, the matrix steel near the edge will get polished, but the vanadium carbides not so much. So, the matrix steel tends to get eroded away from around the carbides, and the edge is left less refined and also possibly weaker or unstable at a higher polish.
With that having been said, S30V is also a steel that's very, very easy to maintain with a single diamond hone, if need be. Something like a Coarse DMT (325) up to EF (1200) can leave a great working edge on S30V. With such a simple maintenance regimen that works so well, I think that's why many recommend a 'coarser' finish, rather than polishing, for it.