I've sometimes had some sinus & throat irritation (coughing) when doing some dry grinding of blades on stones or sandpaper, for re-bevelling or whatever. Though there's not necessarily a 'cloud of dust' in such activity, it only takes a few particles to cause some irritation that can linger for a while. At times, I can even 'smell the steel' when stropping blades, and if it goes long enough, my sinuses can even get somewhat irritated from that. If it can be smelled, there's obviously some particulate matter in the air.
I wouldn't think a respirator is necessary for non-powered sharpening activities. But, depending on how sensitive your sinuses or mucus membranes might be, some decent ventilation, or a simple dust mask, or wet grinding (water, oil, etc) would all help to minimize how much dust gets inhaled.
If using powdered abrasives for stropping, I'd be more careful with those. As fine as the powder is, it makes a real mess if it gets spilled & airborne, and
none of this stuff is good for the lungs. When I use mine (powdered chromium oxide and silicon carbide), I mix it with some mineral oil for application to strops. Take only the tiny amount needed from the jar, and immediately put the lid back on it. I cringe to think of the mess it'll make, if I manage to dump a 1-lb. jar of green chrome-ox powder.
I'm not talking about dust. I'm asking if there are any health concerns related to absorbing them through the skin. I use the Bark River black white and green, which I understand are mostly chromium oxide, aluminum oxide.
I wouldn't worry about skin contact/absorption or even ingesting small amounts of it. Chromium is sometimes listed as a nutritional supplement in vitamins, and it's delivered to the body in it's natural state, as chromium oxide.
I'm sure any of these could be eye irritants, if rubbing tired eyes with dirty hands.
David