Here's a link to a good webpage on connectionism
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/connectionism/
The book, as I recall, was named Philosophy of the Mind (apt title, non?)
I think the author was Ravencroft, but I'm not certain on that part.
As for defining things...definitions are extremely important, but it's also important to understand how arbitrary they are. I CAN define "mind," the trouble is most other scientists and philosophers wouldn't agree with me, and I don't agree with them...defintions are only there for ease of communication, so if we don't agree on them, it's either pointless or confusing...
That said, there are four major attempts to define the human consciousness, or rather subdivide...self awareness, monitoring, phenomenalism and access...
In order:
self-awareness -You call yourself self...you can think in the first person...
Monitoring - the ability to have thoughts about thoughts, often called HOT (higher order thoughts)
Phenomenalism - the ability to experience something...to see red or taste grapes
Access is a bit trickier, but it relates to memory and tends to bring up phenomenal experiences (which, in general, are any experience)