Aaahhhhh... One of my favorite subjects.
Thumbhole - easiest to clean, maintains workable length of the entire blade. Drawback - has to be the right size. Too small, and I think they are worse than a thumbstud. The other issue (maybe not a drawback) is that they become a significant design element, which has not always been sucessfully executed. Philsophically, the most elegant solution.
Thumbdisk - my second favorite. Creates a great thumb rest with great cutting power. Shortens up the length of the blade the worst of the three. Very secure opening. Not used enough in my opinion.
Thumbstud - used the most. There are a million designs for thumbstuds and about 8 of them are any good. Thumbstuds work best when the pivot friction is very low. Otherwise, downward force is generally required, which I think is inherently dangerous. Cuts down the blade length, but not as badly as a thumbdisk. Unless done ambie-style, creates an unbalanced visual appearance, a pet peeve of mine. Most sucessful on customs, near customs and Chris Reeve knives. Generally not well executed on most factory designs, as the pivot action is not smooth enough (for my taste).
Stepped-Stud - Such as on Davidson knives and Elishevitz. Will these be adopted by factory makers? I don't have one, but for quick opening, looks pretty unbeatable in the "add-on" category.
Thumb Slot or Groove - Marzitelli has a winner here. Similar to the original milled slot concept used on the Spyderco Jess Horn (original) and the Chris Reeve Knives Mnandi. Although a variation of the Spyderhole, I think that Milled Slot is unique enough to stand alone as a real alternative to the Spyderhole. Although it becomes a major design issue, it is not as drastic as the typical hole-oriented design.