many of these are in the form of rhymes:
"Red sky in morning, sailors take warning"
"Mackeral sky and rain is nigh" etc.
Most of this old tyme weather folk lore is actually mostly true. Older BSA manuals, Poor Richard's Almanac, and the Foxfire books are decent places to start looking.
I'm guessing that you are mostly concerned about predicting upcoming bad weather. Learning the cloud types, the prevailing winds in your area and what wind direction brings what type of weather, and animal behavior prior to storms will give you a great start in your next learning endeavour.