I agree that goniometer is not used much any more by machinists. It merely means that the tool is used to measure the angle between two planes ( orthopedic, wood, or steel), usually pivoted arms.
A protractor is the current term popular for all types of measuring tools, but many will not read the angle as shown in the photo, but a goniometer will. A set of divider points is also currently called a protractor....and that doesn't measure any angle.
In guess that one might say that:
All goniometers are protractors, but all protractors aren't goniometers.