What I have personally shot with a pistol is not super long, a couple deer with 22 long rifles (one at about 50 yards, head shot of course) out of a sentinel with a 4.5 inch barrel. 40 smith on a badger and a couple deer finish offs. Growing up though we used a 45 with powerful handloads (loaded with very hard cast bullets and a max load of accurate 7) not one bullet from a whole clip managed to penetrate the front of a holesteins skull. Knocked him out and we cut his throat nd picked him up with the loader and bled him out. One year me and my dad used a 38 super on our whitetail's for the year. He got a good head shot on a whitetail doe and a nice broadside from a Muley. Doe jumped way in the air flipping over landed on her back dead as a doorknob. Buck took three shots before he dropped, dad planned to put as many in as he could while the deer stood still then dropped in it's tracks.
Pistols can easily do the job if you get close enough to make s good shot.