There are no molecules in metals - that's what makes them metals .
Atoms ,crystals, and grains, that's all.
The really fast change in metals are things like conversion of austenite to martensite on quenching . This is very fast , at the speed of sound ! If you're asking about tempering from heat of grinding that can fast ,a very few seconds .The higher the temperature the faster tempering will occur.
In a practical sense during final grind , after HT, don't be in a hurry and have a container of water handy for frequent dipping to keep the blade cool.It's very easy to heat the edge and especially the tip to temper or even harden the steel ! Tips that break off [without any real stress ]are surely due to improper grinding.Edges that are soft until you resharpen a few times are also evidence of grinding damage.