I'll see if I can answer a few of the questions.
I don't know the total mileage because about a third of the trip was off trail and I can only estimate. It was probably 60-65, about medium distance for a trip of seven days for me in the Sierras.
We were at high elevation most of the trip (probably averaged out at around 10,500-11,000' for the whole trip) and the temps were mild. Typical afternoon temps were around 65-70, but the sun is much more intense that high so it felt warm. Once the sun went down it got cool quickly, morning lows were 35-40.
Food on such trips is highly personal. Since I live at 300' above sea level, when I go that high I generally lose my appetite, and there aren't many foods that I can force down. Breakfast was usually a Balance Cookie Dough bar, trail snacks were a mix of peanut m&ms, salted nuts, individually wrapped string cheese, swedish fish, and Wheat Thins. Some dinners were standard freeze-dried (mountain house is the best, IMO). I also brought Kraft Easy Mac to mix with foil pack tuna. One of the freeze-dried dinners was the buffalo chicken, which I put on flour tortillas for burritos. To accompany dinner, I brought slabs of pepper jack cheese, it kept fine through five days (on the sixth night, it was starting to turn). And for after-dinner treats, I brought a big piece of Marzipan and a jar of Nutella.
For gear, look at this picture of camp one night:
My basic gear list:
Pack: Osprey Atmos 65
Tent: Marmot Eos 1P (a must have, the mosquitoes are bad this year)
Bag: Western Mountaineering Summerlite
Pad: Pacific Outdoors Insulmat (I have to have my comfort, and it only weighs 1.5 lb)
Stove: Snow Peak Giga
Pot: Smaller pot from Brunton IB set
Bear Canister (approved models are required in some of the areas we were in): Bearikade Weekender
Boots: Merrell Phaser Peak (so incredibly comfortable, I can walk on large rocks all day and not feel it)
Other than that, various items - first aid kit, some repair items, bug spray, sunscreen, etc, etc. As you can see, I'm not an ultralighter who sacrifices comfort for weight, but I have invested significantly over the years to get very light options for that comfort. My starting pack weight at the trailhead, including water, was 39 lb. For the six-day Whitney trip that I did with the scouts two weeks ago, my starting pack weight was 33 lb (primary difference being food weight, this trip was planned for eight days so I took eight day's worth of food).
And for fixed blade I took this one: