I used to let college kids come out and make parts for their race team in my shop. Having observed relatively bright kids make relatively stupid machining choices, and having been an idiot hack machinist myself at one time, I have a few possible suggestions. In no particular order.
Safety issues such as the helix of a cutter pulling a work piece up out of a vice and throwing it at you and other nasty surprises.
How to calculate speeds and feeds, recommended SFM for carbide and HSS tooling in different materials. (Why big cutters turn slow and little cutters turn fast)
Recommended chip loads for different cutters in different materials.
What causes chatter, how to get rid of it without just slowing down.
Strategies and tooling to achieve good finishes.
Difference between climb and conventional milling and when to use which.
How to accurately fixture a part and securely hold it without deforming it, how to use parallels and a hammer with a vice (and why you can't just hold the part on the table with your hands)
How to zero out your spindle (XY) and cutter (Z).
Machining strategies for roughing and finishing to maximize tool life
Approaches to machining without coolant (and when you really need to break out the squirt bottle)
Machining difficult materials such as work hardening stainless, flexible titanium, abrasive mill scale covered parts, gummy unhardened aluminum or copper, and machining unusual materials such as wood, plastic, bone
Unusual fixturing situations
Using glue or tape to hold thin parts
Moving or rotating your part and maintaining zero.
How to order your operations when machining on multiple sides of a part.
Use of a rotary table
Use of less common tools such as boreing head, reamers, thread mill, broaching in a mill (cutting a square hole).
Introduction to less common tools such as coaxial indicator, sine plate and other cool stuff
How to use an edge finder and what are the different styles for
Also, perhaps a section on machine setup, adjustments, maintenance and lubrication.
Strategies for moving and leveling heavy machines for someone who has never done it
Discussion of 240 power and three phase and phase converters
Overview of CNC and CAD/CAM