I think we've established that 'mountain-man' shooting will likely be 100 yd or less, making 200 yd energy, such as Rotte listed, rather superfluous.
Hmmm, can I infer from your statement that you have hunted large game in the western Canadian Mountains extensively? (This is the OP's original scenario)
I didn't take a couple shot this fall 'cuz the Elk were too far away. Over 400m. Way over 400M. That's beyond my comfort zone. So 200m doesn't seem superfluous to me. I'd have been pretty damn happy to have a 200m shot. Remember, you may be on one side of a valley or steep draw and your dinner on the other. Animals can see you from farther away in the mountains. The wind can be strange in those draws. Stalking is possible, but not easy.
I'm confident I can kill anything in North America at 200m every time I pull the trigger of my .300 Win-Mag. Confidence leads to success. Can you honestly say that about your .30-30?
Lots of hunters use bows to hunt Elk. I have enormous respect for them, to do so requires skill, discipline, and patience. And the ones I've talked to also say 'luck.' I'm learning to bow hunt myself. But bow hunters are not as successful as rifle hunters. If you are living as a 'mountain man' how much do you want to rely on luck?
All I can say is that the most popular rounds for big game hunters out here seem to be 7mm Mag, .300 Win-Mag, and .338 Win-Mag. I might be wrong about that, but all the hunters I respect use something along those lines.
Yes, a .30-06 will do, and many do use them successfully. Great round. Renowned North American hunter Jack O'Connor swore by the .270. But I don't see people carrying .30-30's. Go into a western gun store and say you want to hunt elk with a .30-30 and you'll get an interesting reaction. Some guys I know even think a .300 Win-Mag is underpowered for big game. Guys with more experience than me. I'm going to try to research whether anyone has killed a Mountain Sheep with a .30-30.
I have a compound bow, a .45-70, a .300 Win-Mag, and a .30-30, so I could hunt with one of several different weapons. I do agree with Cpl Punishment that a 420 grain round from a .45-70 behaves differently than a 180 grain round from a .30-06. That big old .45 has a lot of inertia and gets phenomenal penetration. If I'm going to be hunting close in, in timber, 150 yards or less, I actually prefer the .45-70.
But if I have to choose, the .300 can do it all.
