My answer regarding viscous quenches

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Sep 9, 2003
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Alden, allow me to explain this new thread as opposed to just answering the other thread. It is my policy, based upon my strongly held principles not to participate in threads that include my name in the title. Some may see this as a quirky idiosyncracy, but I have my reasons. As I see it this is the “Shop Talk - BladeSmith Questions and Answers” forum not the “Kevin Cashen Question and Answer Forum”, and I have no desire to see that change. I have always felt the strength of forums is the open participation and input from as many sources as possible, if a person wants a discussion exclusively with me e-mails work best for that. Individual posts within a thread are fine to address to one person but an entire thread addressed to one person robs the poster of input from all the other knowledgeable people on this forum. I believe everybody should have an equal opportunity at the microphone here.

In this matter I not only apologize to you and others who have called on me directly, and certainly to NDallyn for not getting back with him in his thread 4 days ago regarding 1095 brittleness, however so many people gave such excellent input that things worked exactly as I hope they will when I refrain from such exclusive threads and allow others to get involved.

All the same I guess this is where I reply to the other thread just to keep those waiting for thier pound of flesh from saying "Hah! You got no answer to that do ya Cashen!" :rolleyes:

Oh jeeezzzz, where to begin…

Alden in your words I have expressed “disdain” for Wayne Goddard’s steel quenching methods. In which thread have I mentioned Wayne in particular? And when have I ever negatively discussed Wayne’s methods specifically? Bear with me here, the point is quite relevant.

I would be lying if I didn’t confess to having to overcome an immediate defensive reaction to your post in my tone in this reply. Allow me to explain why. One of the greatest obstacles and frustrations in trying to weed out informational grain from chaff in knifemaking has been, and continues to be, this obnoxious personalization that occurs with any attempt to discuss methods or materials. It is often either little more than a tactic of poisoning the well to make a dissenter immediately back down to avoid appearing to dislike a popular figure, or is a sick form of entertainment that I have seen many get from pitting well known smiths against each other. I take the latter quite personally as I have had it pulled on me more than once. I make no secret about my differences with Ed Fowlers theories, yet one time on this very site I personally apologized to Ed and refused to be used when people pitted us against each other in a personal way. In another instance another well known smith would contact me regularly after the same gutless weasel would send him a message detailing statements about him that I never made. This went on until both of us realized the game that was being played. I don’t like putting hot knives into lard but for the life of me I cannot fathom how that indicates in any way how I feel about another human being. I really don’t need anybody creating antagonism that just isn’t there between Wayne and me. I hope you understand.

Certainly there are subjective reasons as well as the objective ones for my choices in quenchants, but I would be very curious to know what your observations are as to my subjective reasons, it may be interesting to compare.

If you have had these purely objective curiosities then can I assume you have asked any proponent of goop, glop, lard, Wesson oil etc… for their results of the objective tests proving their claims of effectiveness? You see aside from the philosophical problems with proving a negative, most of society doesn’t stop what they are doing to disprove every claim to come out of left field, and in any steel business outside a few bladesmiths lard quenches are out of left field. The logical and reasonable approach has always laid the burden of proof on the claimant of the extraordinary position. As Stacy Apelt once stated so well, it would be like a lab spending millions to research if water boils at 212F.

That being said, yes I have made my decisions for quenchants based upon years of looking at the results on the microscopic level and my findings can be summed up in two words- fine pearlite. And what I found was that the more viscous the quenchant, the more fine pearlite or other unwnated products were present, and in an odd coincidence this is exactly what every industry that quenches steel has also found over the years. But then on the other hand there are all those instances where industry has used highly viscous or gooey compounds to effectively quench… oh wait… umm ….ohhh….:confused:

"I also know that just the conversion of a material from solid to liquid requires additional heat with no rise in temperature” yes that is called an endothermic process or reaction and is the basis for the decalescence that we discuss so much in heating steel. Along with my observations, I have some pretty good hunches (much like the ones that tell me if I jump off my roof I will fall) about how it will work in quenching. But who knows you may be onto to something here. Perhaps you could do some testing on that and let us know what your results are. Perhaps you could make a huge unforeseen breakthrough in quenching technology. Perhaps we have been overlooking ice as a quenchant, one never knows all the curveballs the universe could throw at us. Unfortunately I have too many knives to make to explore them all.

I have never participated in a “quench-off” nor would I care to. I also have never agreed to meet somebody behind the school at 3:00 to avoid being called “a chicken” when they didn’t like my steel choice.

I am sorry to sound short, (and the proper way to read this entire post is not loaded with anger and emotion but in a tired, weary monotone) however I did say in my most recent rant involving this topic
”…if you want to argue with me on that one- don’t bother! If you don’t get it you will just have to live with it or work it out on your own! So in that sense I am even cool with you using goo, as long as I don’t have to hear about how it "works just fine".”

I am still cool with folks using whatever they want, and I still don’t care to debate the subject. A lot of people use a lot of different things for quenching, I have found quenchants made specifically for that task that have volumes of testing and research data showing exactly how and why they work, which my own observations totally confirm. When I compare this with “it works just fine”, “it skates a file no problem” or “it cuts lots of rope”, I get a real good idea as to where conjecture is providing the answers.

P.S. Folks I kind of see where the other thread started to go and if this one turns into another tired old Park #50 versus Wesson oil thread, I simply won’t participate, I can’t believe others aren’t as tired as I am of pounding on that long dead horse. Jeez guys, all I want is to provide sound, fact based information to help other makers make informed decisions, why does it have to be a @#$damned personal cage match just to do that?
 
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it would be like a lab spending millions to research if water boils at 212F

pssst - Kevin - where I live in SE Colorado it boils at 189° F ;) ;)

hopefully that will help rid you of some of that weariness! :D
been a loooong week for me too!
 
Kevin,
I tried to give him a very short answer saying the same. As always, you said it more concisely.
If I were you, I'd lock this thread in a day or so to keep it from popping back forever.
Stacy

BTW - I use the boiling point of water to calibrate my thermocouples. Living at sea level is great sometimes.
 
Much of knifemakeing is a juggling act of optimization. For example weight vs. strengths, vs. balance. Hardness, toughness. Edge retention, sharpenability. etc. A lot of this requires experimentation and experience, which as a whole, we are all well equipped to do. And so it is natural to apply that inquisitive experimental mentality towards a facet of knifemakeing such as a quenchent. And its effectiveness is tested the same way everything else is tested - by trying it and cutting stuff. However, Kevin happens to have additional tools at his disposal, such as in depth knowledge of metallurgy, microscopes, ninja monkeys with laser beams, and salt pots. This takes some of the guess work out of evaluating an experiment, and I am grateful for his willingness to share his knowledge.


There was a cutting competition a little while back, and Kevin was asked to bring a damascus blade just for grins, to show that pretty damascus could compete with M4. Well imagine everybody's surprise when his won. Applied knowledge. Cool stuff.

One thing I do wonder about quenching oils is, when they're designed to quench something big and thick like a stamping die, how do we know a slower oil isn't appropriate for something as thin as a knife blade? I really have no way of knowing the answer to this for sure, because the only decent tool I have for measuring something like that is my laser monkeys, and they're not saying. So I do think it is a valid question to ask the one guy on this forum with the real tools to look into something like this, if he has tested a particular approach to quenching. I'm sorry if the poor fellow is growing weary of all this.
 
A very wise Firefighter once told me something to the effect of "We don't have to run back into burning buildings to save your wedding album, or your family Bible, but we will so long as you haven't been mean to us".

Guys, Kevin runs into burning building for all of our sakes, and asks nothing in return but that we take the time to think and educate ourselves. Let's try to be a little nicer to him in our requests for his esteemed responses to our questions. If we don't, he might stop one of these days....

-d
 
Thank you again Kevin, and others very much, for the re-education on this topic. I can see how getting asked the same question over and over would be rather annoying.

Jason
 
In my youth I spend a lot of time and money on maybes. Now, I am experienced enough to use the expertise of those who do things for a living. Why should I play with goop and spend time and money playing with it when the professionals have spend a ton creating the best available. If I wanted to make custom quenchants I would mess with all kinds of substances. But, I want to make fine custom knives, so I will go with the best available in the areas beyond m,e when their is solid evidence that they will do the best job. I will focus on things like my layout, grinding, damascus patterns, fit and finish.
 
Kevin,
I tried to give him a very short answer saying the same. As always, you said it more concisely.
If I were you, I'd lock this thread in a day or so to keep it from popping back forever.
Stacy

BTW - I use the boiling point of water to calibrate my thermocouples. Living at sea level is great sometimes.

Concise?:confused: It's a darned 3 pager if you were to print it! I saw your post after I did this one, I liked yours much better.

I wished I could lock threads- well wait, no I don't, I have to do that on another forum and it isn't fun.

I do the exact same thing with my thermocouples, 14.7 psi, is a very nice standard to have availalbe.
 
If I may add something, I think that the reason these topics continue to be revisited is for the same reason that industry doesn't question the boiling point of water at sea level... there are so many examples of anecdotal evidence and logical fallacy that they have become the knifemaking standard - the reference equivalent to water boiling - only this time, saying something often enough doesn't necessarily make it so!
Individuals outside of industry don't look to industry for answers, instead they tend to look to like-minded people (some of which may or may not have experience). Subsequently, the 'best logical answer' wins, and more often than not, is accepted as fact.
I think the mistake in this instance has less to do with answers and more to do with questions, and their timing in relation to the individual. I'll use myself as an example, as it's best to throw myself under the bus this time...
Three years ago I started to make knives. I did some 'research' (mainly I got a copy of some popular DIY knifemaking books), decided 1095 was the right steel for me (looking back now, I still have no clue how I came up with that...), and 'got it hot" - maybe to some ridiculous color that somehow I was supposed to be able to judge by eye with only a page printed in a book to try and reference it to - and the use of the magical magnet, of course, and quenched it in x. Maybe it worked, maybe it didn't. I could never really tell, as it was just me at the time, and other than these 'guides' I had no other input - and they said the methods worked, so maybe they were working!
I continued down this path, but always wondering if this was how it should be happening... why are certain spots skating the proverbial file, and others not? Why does it feel like my grinds slop all over the place in certain areas after heat treat? Is straw colored even a real gauge of anything?
I tend to be a skeptic, but for whatever reason - maybe just the passion I felt in just being able to pursue this endeavor - I took what I read as fact. If you had asked me at this point, I would have spit out what I had read as 'taken from industry', because that's what these books were to me!
It took a certain venue, with a certain amount of internal struggle, at the right moment with the right people and elements in place for me to have the 'epiphany'... the view beyond the curtains that I had so diligently placed over my windows. I'm still pulling these shrouds back, and likely forever will be, but I'm certain that my journey is likely not unlike that of most.
YOUR problem, Kevin, is that you are one of the folks that is standing at the gates of my property throwing rocks randomly - some arching their way to my house. When someone throws rocks at a house, one or two manage to find their way through a window, smashing the glass and parting the curtains. This is a particularly good analogy, because if someone was throwing stuff randomly it may not be out of avarice, merely a stray chance allowing a stone to be cast in a direction where the caster wasn't aware that there was a window. Nonetheless, the caster has to be prepared for me to come out of my house and yell "STOP THROWING STONES THROUGH MY WINDOW, YA BASTID!"
Learn to accept the mantle of 'stone-thrower', my friend... whether it was your intention or not, you have become a prophet. Many of us will find your path and choose to explore it with you. Many will claim that there's no path at all, and will replace their window of perception and re-hang the blinds. It still doesn't chance the fact that the light emanating from you continues on pathways that shine into windows that were broken, whether it was your intention or not to break them! Your tone of fatigue is heard too loudly, methinks... maybe you ought to be focusing more on your stone-throwing, and less on your role as Holden Caulfield? Some of the children are going to fall off that cliff, my friend... my guess is that they were meant to.
 
Much of knifemaking is a juggling act of optimization. For example weight vs. strengths, vs. balance. Hardness, toughness. Edge retention, sharpenability. etc. A lot of this requires experimentation and experience, which as a whole, we are all well equipped to do. And so it is natural to apply that inquisitive experimental mentality towards a facet of knifemakeing such as a quenchent. And its effectiveness is tested the same way everything else is tested - by trying it and cutting stuff. However, Kevin happens to have additional tools at his disposal, such as in depth knowledge of metallurgy, microscopes, ninja monkeys with laser beams, and salt pots. This takes some of the guess work out of evaluating an experiment, and I am grateful for his willingness to share his knowledge.


There was a cutting competition a little while back, and Kevin was asked to bring a damascus blade just for grins, to show that pretty damascus could compete with M4. Well imagine everybody's surprise when his won. Applied knowledge. Cool stuff.

One thing I do wonder about quenching oils is, when they're designed to quench something big and thick like a stamping die, how do we know a slower oil isn't appropriate for something as thin as a knife blade? I really have no way of knowing the answer to this for sure, because the only decent tool I have for measuring something like that is my laser monkeys, and they're not saying. So I do think it is a valid question to ask the one guy on this forum with the real tools to look into something like this, if he has tested a particular approach to quenching. I'm sorry if the poor fellow is growing weary of all this.

Questions are cool (ninja monkeys are even cooler!). What I am weary with is how this business forces you to make a choice- keep your heretical facts to yourself and allow the standard dogma go unchallenged, or endlessly make enemies with good people who could be good friends if you sat down and had a beer with them without all the acolytes instigating holy wars to defend the faith.

I say I am not fond of 52100 and it is assumed I have a problem with Ed Fowler, I set the record straight on plastic deformation in steel and Jim Hrisoulas gets an e-mail telling him that Cashen said he was full of $#@, I say I prefer martensite over bainite in my knives and some people feel I have somehow insulted Howard Clark, I decide I like the horizontal forge over vertical ones and Don Fogg gets told I hate him, I observe that wootz was something special in the 10th century but merely a curiosity today and a number of twits assume that Al Pendray and I are mortal enemies. I say that bat wings serve no functional purpose on a knife when you consider fighting knives from centuries ago and I get asked what I have against Gill Hibben, and on and on ad nauseum... Can you see how a guy would get tired? And almost all of it comes from the outside, somebody not wanting their world view challenged trying to sic a big name on you to shut you up. I can't tell you the number times I have been bashed over the head with Bill Moran's name when somebody disagreed with me, only to observe their wide eyed, astonished gasp when I had the nerve to point that Bill was a really nice guy but that has nothing to do with the facts at hand. I have a little secret for the instigators, it is a small business, us big names get together often, and often we laugh about these stupid games folks try to play, we are not their champions in the arena, and we certainly aren't their attack dogs. Were are just knifemakers, no more, no less.

Tim Wright and I laughed about it once and considered playing our own games by faking a huge feud between us so that we could sit back and be entertained by all the rumor mongers tripping over themselves to pick sides. Tim Zowada will have no problem telling me or anybody the things I do or include on my knives that he would never have anything to do with and yet we are the best of friends- imagine that folks! They are just knives, it is just heat treating, but this is another human being that I happen to respect and like, although it can be hard to see in the passion for the craft but the two are totally independent of of each other. The good guys that would have been my friends eventually anyhow will realize that, the guys who can't separate their identity from a piece of steel or a process to work it have other issues and may have found some reason not to get along anyhow.

As for your question about slower quenchants on thinner sections, you don't need me when you consider all the steels designated water quenching that we can harden very well in oil when they are less than 1/4" thickness. I fact you will find those tips on quench speed for specific sizes included in the "ASM Heat Treaters Guide" , once again a whole lot of really smart folks with tons of equipment and money worked that out for us some time ago;).
 
I would like to thank Kevin for sharing his time and knowlege with all of us. I have learned alot from him and others on this forum.
 
... "STOP THROWING STONES THROUGH MY WINDOW, YA BASTID!"...

I wouldn't have to stand out there with the stones if your pah would just let me come to the front door to court you Matt. And to be honest due to your dress code at home the rest of the neighborhood would appreciate you closing your curtains a little more often:p.
 
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I would like to thank Kevin for sharing his time and knowlege with all of us. I have learned alot from him and others on this forum.


Absolutely no need for thanking me, when it comes down to it I am here for the exact same reason most of us are- WE HAVE NO SOCIAL LIFE! (or our wives are thoroughly tired of hearing about alloys, edge holding and quenchants, and the nearest person who is interested is 300+ miles away):(

I come on here to socialize, to see what is being talked about out there, and to shake things up so that people will really examine the established wisdom instead of just reciting it, that is my agenda- yes I freely admit that I have one. I really offer nothing new, I recently saw a saying that went something like this- copy from one book and it is called plagiarism, copy from a dozen and it is called a research paper. If more folks just went to the library instead of the magazine stand, the benefits of having me around would fade fairly quickly.
 
They are just knives, it is just heat treating, but this is another human being that I happen to respect and like, although it can be hard to see in the passion for the craft but the two are totally independent of of each other. The good guys that would have been my friends eventually anyhow will realize that, the guys who can't separate their identity from a piece of steel or a process to work it have other issues and may have found some reason not to get along anyhow.



Bravo:thumbup: Alot of the people feel this way, it's only a small % that get upset when you challenge the methods of their heros/idols that tend to be the loudest.

somebody not wanting their world view challenged trying to sic a big name on you to shut you up.

ohh, you're gonna get it now :D;)
 
And to be honest due to your dress code at home the rest of the neighborhood would appreciate you closing your curtains a little more often:p.

It ALWAYS comes back to me being naked... damn. Doesn't matter if we're talking about phase transformation diagrams, grain size in relation to hardness, whatever... all runs back to me being naked.
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...well, I am naked a lot, actually - guess I shouldn't be so upset about the facts!:D
 
When I saw the title to this thread, the first think that popped into my mind was Gilda Radner as Emily Latella saying "what's all this I keep hearing about vicious quenches?":p
 
Kevin, It really is not my intent to start a firestorm or pit one person against another. I just want to know how the different quenches commonly used compare. You have specifically mentioned "goop" and that is why I mentioned it.
Do the mineral oils, canola, ATF, olive oil, etc. that many smiths use fail to quench the steel quickly enough?
My question remains; I understand the commercial quenchants have been proven to work, but have any or all of these others been proven to not work. (proving the neg.?)
You allude to the answer in one of your posts, when you mention grain size.
I have read mention of the fact that canola is used as a commercial quenchant.
I know that industry has other requirements that knifemakers do not, that have nothing to do with the effectiveness of the quench.
I have never used any sort of semi-solid or solid quench and have no desire to do so. It appears to me the lighter the viscosity the quicker the heat transer.
I have no lab equipment or inclination to test quenches. Or axes to grind (figuratively). I only want to know if there is data available that shows which oils work and which do not. Industry had to start with decent quenches and then improved on them to provide the users with other benefits. (resistance to flare ups, ease of after quench cleaning etc.)
I appreciate any and all responses that add information to the thread(s). That is the reason for posting on a public forum, the sharing of information to reduce the amount of redundant, wasteful experimentation.
Thanks Again Kevin! I do hope that you do understand my true intentions. And I do understand your weariness.

Alden
 
Before Alden reads this thread and gets the idea that I am jumping all over him here after he tried to delicately approach his original question, which did not go unnoticed or unappreciated by me, I would like to say that this is not a tirade towards him, he just happened to trigger it when a well known makers name appeared in his question. If you review any of my posts you will find that I carefully avoid using specific makers names, but prefer to discuss just the concepts involved, for all the reasons I have stated in this thread. I just wanted to get this in since in my loathing to inadvertently make any new enemies, I would not want to add Alden to that tragically unnecessary list.

Alden, you didn’t deserve my coming down on you for the sins of so many before you, I could have answered your question in a better way and I apologize for that.

I am also growing uncomfortable with all my bitching spawning pity parties for Kevin. If I am going to continue shaking beehives I should perhaps consider growing a thicker skin.

Edited to add- Dammit dammit dammit! Alden I really did have this started before your last post and my typing was not fast enough to get it there before you read all this ranting. It may be too late but please reconsider this entire thread as if you had read this post.
 
Kevin, I know from what I have read of your writings what to expect :). I know that you feel like a lightning rod but then again you stand the tallest.
I would like to meet you, and will. But in the meantime we have to pussyfoot through this inexact communcation method. I fully understand how easy it is to ruffle feathers when so much is lost without facial expressions, voice inflections, etc.
That being said I know many people use "other oil quenchants". Are there test results showing which work, which do not. I just have a difficult time understanding that only commercial quenchants are good quenchants.
As slow as I type our posts may once again cross paths.

Thank you!
Alden
 
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