Everyone is terrified of death. When the bubonic plague ravaged Europe in the 14th century and millions perished in the most gruesome manner known, some people desperate for a cure from the dreadful malady turned to medical specialists called "plague doctors". These physicians are the earliest ancestor of the biohazard medical responder. They wore long black cloaks made of oilskin, arm-length leather gloves and carried a wooden staff to keep infected patients from getting too close to them. They also wore a mask with thick glass eyepieces and a raven-like beak which is filled with strong aromatic substances such as pine tar and pitch. At that time, before the germ theory of disease was born, people believed that noxious fumes that originate from rotting flesh, called "miasma" is the origin of pestilence. Thus the aromatic chemicals were believed to "filter" out the smell of putrefaction, thus protecting the doctors from infection. The presence of the plague doctor, whose original intention was to ward off death and bring a cure, became the very symbol of death itself. For wherever the plague appeared, the plague doctors followed.