Hi Brandon, I hope I'm not overwhelming you with too much information.
I will tell you that when I first got into knives I thought I needed .25" for robustness. You have to realize that bladeforums and its users sort of go through cycles and sometimes as a crowd we really like thick, and then there is a backlash and all of a sudden we like thinner blades again. No one is really correct, but I've come to the opinion that in a 5" knife you probably don't want .25" unless prying is some kind of priority you have at the expense of cutting. Esav's post (and he knows what he is talking about) is a the truth as far as I'm concerned. Having procured a couple knives in .25", I really didn't like them that much in the smaller sizes. Too much weight, which is great if it is primarily to be used as a chopper and is >7" but not very good at cutting for a small knife.
I then ended up with the Rat Cutlery products which are 3/16". I like the way this thickness performs and it is particularly well suited for the RC-6. For the RC-4, I found that aggressively convexing the edge greatly helped its cutting performance. Knowing what I know now, if I could buy an RC-4 in 1/8" (like the RC-3) than I would buy that as an option. Everything else about the RC-4 is superb, however. Great blade shape, functional sheath. A very usable knife.
I then started getting into custom knives. Bryan Breeden was the first maker I started talking to after seeing a review of his work here on BF. Bryan is a really interesting guy who loves knives and frequently posts in W&SS about making shelters and camping. Anyhow, in ordering my first custom from him I initially suggested going 3/16" just like my rats. He suggested I go with 1/8". My very first question to him was - is it robust enough to baton through wood. No - problem he says, I stake my reputation on it. So I went with 1/8" and now that is my preferred thickness for tool steels particularly in the 3-5" range. I have several in that thickness and trust me, I baton them through wood and put them through a lot of punishment. Heck the 10" chopper in my sig. line is 1/8" thick and I've put it through a tonne of punishment. Now prying is out for 1/8" thick but I find I rarely do that kind of thing.
Okay for steels. I'm not the best person to ask as there are folks around these parts that are all about the metallurgy. My preferences are for simple tool steels. My preferred ones are 1095, O1 and A2. I like 5160 and have it in a larger blade. It is known for its high degree of toughness. I've been told by a few others that it isn't their favorite in a small blade as it tends to not hold a fine edge quite as well, yet I see a number of smaller knives by popular makers using this steel. Regarding my favorite tool steels above, A2 is supposed to hold a slightly better edge followed by O1 and then 1095. A2 is also supposed to be somewhat better at stain resistance.
In practice, I can't tell any difference among them in the knives I have. Many folks will indicate that the heat treat makes more difference than the steel composition. There you go again - heat treat is a function of the maker and you want a maker who knows how to deal with his steel. Many folks recommend that if a given maker offers different steels for a blade, that you ask them - which one do you work with most often ? - and choose that one rather than looking at the steel characteristics too closely.
You've noted that my preference is for full flat grind. I like a flat ground knife and prefer to put a convex edge on them. That is a preference because I like the way it cuts. Bark River makes full convex knives that are true convex - that is they begin to taper right from the spine to the edge. This allows both a thicker spine and thin edge and arguable is the most robust configuration. Somebody mentioned the Bravo-1 model from BRK&T which is super solid and yet a good slicer. If you really value robustness than you might like that particular model - many people do and it is super popular among the W&SS crowd.
Regarding clip points. I think that is a style thing more than anything else. A clip point does allow for a sharper tip, but that can also mean a weaker tip. Many camping/bushcraft folks consider a spearpoint to be the optimum, which gives you a centered point that is the most robust - but not necessarily the sharpest. A clip doesn't add to strength to the knife, arguably it reduces it. However, as you can see from my post, I don't necessarily always go for strength over function. If you like clip points for their aesthetics than don't be afraid to get one! Maybe you should check out some of the JK-tactical models. He likes making clips too and also provides them in 3/16" O1 or 1095 if you ask.
http://www.jkhandmadeknives.com/apps/photos/photo?photoid=15604560
Anyhow, that is how I've come around to things. I started off thinking that knife toughness was the real trait to look at and later decided that all that strength wasn't really needed in real world use and I got much more enjoyment out of the knives that were better optimized to the tasks I used them for. The simple truth is that any knife you are looking at in this thread, whether it be fallkniven, rat cutlery or some of the custom makers - will serve you well and provide a lifetime of use.
Since you've come this far in your knife buying research - I can also guarentee you that you will buy a few knives in your lifetime

Sure you are in school now - but hey you have lots of years ahead of you to explore the wide variety of cutlery that is out there. Good luck!