Edge Retention Testing and Analysis

Wayne believes, IIRC, that a soft edge will bend, a too-hard edge will chip, and a just-right edge will flex, then return, without chipping or bending. I believe that all of the blades in the test set we provided passed the test. Some of the FF parameter sets we tried resulted in chipping, others resulted in bending. But I don't have the data available.

Carl, I along with many others I'm sure would be very interested in hearing more about this. I mainly because this thread made me search for information on differential hardening and surprisingly with the available information I was forced to change my position regarding the issue.
 
HardHeart,

We feel the same: Geometry plays a significant roll in this test.

We have been trying to better understand what property this test is assessing. If we could determine that, maybe we could define the test method better, or maybe a new approach.

Tn
 
As I noted AGAIN I showed the raw data, no calculations. As I noted clearly your difference equations exploded the noise they always do. This is basic math of error propogation.

I've done some analysis. I realize it's only by hand, but here it is.

This is done with data you plotted, including our data and your fit. The data has the "difference equations", i.e., we matched it to CATRA ERT data by calculating the (media cut per stroke) by dividing (difference in total media cut) by (number of strokes).

As can be seen in the image, the curves fit the data quite nicely, even though there is noise.
PerformanceData.png


Since Cliff prefers to calculate a cut ratio, and the non-linear optimization routine he uses can't handle the amount of noise in this data, I decided to try a worst-case analysis.

I offset the actual curve fits by enough to completely encompass the data. There is no statistical basis for this, but the red curves on the above figure show performance that enclose all of the measured data.

Then I drew horizontal lines on the plot. The plot does show the weakness that there is a limited range of data on the y-axis (cut per stroke). This is because we stopped measuring when we got REST values above 3.0N, which corresponded to a loss of shaving. Our primary analysis was not based on these curves, because we weren't using Cliff's algorithm. So the data is not well suited for Cliff's algorithm. Probably the next time, we'll take more data to do a better job of matching his algorithm.

At any rate, there are four horizontal green lines that cross through the red curves showing the maximum performance of S90V and the minimum performance of FFD2. At the intersection of the green lines with the red curves, I've drawn blue vertical lines. There are two lines labeled A, two labeled B, two labeled C, and two labeled D -- one coming from the maximum S90V performance curve, and one coming from the minimum FFD2 performance curve.

Where the blue lines cross the x axis, we have a measure of the total media cut to a given sharpness value. Then, in accordance with Cliff's procedure, I've calculated a cut ratio.

Based on this data, I believe it is conservative to say that the FFD2 has a cut ratio of at least 2, compared with S90V.

No, I can't put confidence limits on the data. Yes, I'll be working on it over the next few days. But this is the data that Cliff said he couldn't draw any conclusions from. And I believe conclusions can be drawn, even if they're only preliminary.

Cliff won't like this, and will say it is misleading and biased, and not supported by the math.

I'll let the reader be the judge.

Carl
 
OK, all the math is too much.

It sounds like we are still using the total of work done to indicate sharpness (I think it was mentioned we could add up the total cut depth at each point). If we do a bunch of math to the total work done, we are still using the wear application to measure sharpness, and I thought we wanted a new way to define that.

It seems to me that we should do each seperately:
  1. Apply a fixed amount of wear/work
  2. Measure sharpness with our new sharpness definition
  3. (Repeat for multiple rounds)

This way we would get data that says "After X amount of work, the blade has a sharpness of Y" at each point. And when we compare two knife graphs, they will have each done the same amount of work at each point in the test.

Instead of using a machine that strokes the blade blindly, we use something that cuts into a fixed depth which any blade should be able to handle (not very deep).

For sharpness, I propose (upward-facing edge a la CATRA assumed):
  1. Find the elevation of the highest part of the edge (should usually be middle)
  2. Subtract from that elevation the elevation of the blade at some predetermined distance from the peak.

I don't know how to do the measuring. Lasers or something, so we can get a measurement without adding varying wear to the edge.

We could use CATRA's sharpness test, but I think that involves thread cutting or something. I would prefer a sharpness test based on a measure of the blade in some way, not the output of work (too indirect and will affect the edge).

Discuss amongst yourselves.
 
My endurance cutting tests always assumed a blade with the same cross section, sharpened on the same type stone using the same sharpening angle and removing the burr in the same manner would be the same sharpness. The FFD2 has me thinking that the grain size allows a keener edge than is possible with a coarser grain.

The Norton Fine India stone creates a fine tooth pattern on the edge, yet the edge is fine enough to shave hair and will slice nicely through the rope used in the endurance test. Two passes on a leather strop on each side of the blade will refine that edge and allow it to shave hair with less pressure without the loss of ability to slice through material. The leather strop is backed up by wood so that the leather becomes a relatively flat surface to act on the knife edge. A soft strop will make it too easy to round off the edge. Strop it enough to polish off the micro teeth and the blade will no longer have the ability to slice but will push through the rope. Ten passes on each side will bring most edges to a polished condition.

This would lead me to the opinion that the CATRA REST test would give a reading that would indicate a sharper edge when the polished edge was tested. It seems that the micro tooth edge would take more pressure to cut the test material and would indicate less sharpness. I doubt that the initial sharpness rating will have much effect on the total material cut.

My test is a slicing cut using an equal amount of cutting edge each time. No stropping is done in order to allow the slicing cut to be more easily made. The slicing cut is used for my tests because it is the closest to real life cutting conditions.

My opinion is that the only endurance test of a polished edge will have to be a push cut which can go into many hundreds and even over a thousand cuts depending on how much pressure is applied. And, it only tests a small portion of the cutting edge.

The fine India edge loses its ability to shave hair about the same number of cuts where it no longer bites into the rope. This is also the point where most folks will stop to sharpen the knife. A blade at that degree of dullness will still cut but not very well. The pressure to make the last cuts is approximately 35 -38 lbs., measured on a common scale.

Same day tests of two blades on the same rope are the way I like to do it. One knife is a “test standard” that I keep around for a while for test comparisons. One test is made with the blade of known value, (standard). That test is to prove that the rope hasn’t changed, or the sharpening or the scale. The test blade is run three times, the cuts averaged and recorded.

The rod test is simple enough. The edge is set on the 1/4" steel or brass rod at the sharpening angle. Just enough pressure is put on the rod to deflect the edge. If the edge bends it is too soft to make a working knife. If the edge chips it is too brittle. When the edge deflects and returns to straight it has the right hardness for a working knife.

Wayne G.
 
A lay person's summary. The math would be the exact responce to the data on multiple knives (CATRA result and sharpening frequencies for the users) and the lack of correlation between these and the systematic error of a blunting mechanism which is supported by published papers and also quite immediately obvious from first principles of basic physics as I outlined in the above.



Congratulations, you have deduced that an article written for lay people to introduce a fundamental blunting mechanism and the means to model it is not written in the same style as would be for a formal paper for a physics journal.

Carl started this thread so we could have a "geek" discussion of the principles and methods regarding slicing, push cutting and your analysis approach. We would like more than the "lay person" discussion.

Example from your web site: http://www.cutleryscience.com/reviews/model.html

.... C(x)~/(Fw+Fe(x))

Assuming the rate of metal loss from an edge is inversely proportional to the amount of metal loss which would be reasonable based on a few physical principles, this would predict square root behavior for the increase in force. Allowing for some variance from this exact model for a few physical reaons Fe(x) would be expected to be :

Fe=Fi xb ....

I will be more specific than I was in my last post. The statements from your web site (one example highlighted in bold and underlined above) are too vague.

So I'll repeat:

Can you please show/describe in physics or engineering principles the "physics of the mechanics of blunting". I have a hard time seeing this accounted for in the data/analysis that you have provided in these threads or directed us to on your web site.

Thanks,

TN
 
is it just loss, or other deformation? I've had edges chip out while slicing cardboard, which would affect both push cutting and slicing, in different ways. Same thing with denting, rolling, and rippling of the edge. No edge lasts forever, that's universal, but how it dulls is different in a few ways.

It takes a lot of testing to show what the geometry does to performance, what the edge finish does, what the hardness does, and what the alloy composition/structure does, and try to not confuse them.
 
Thanks for that information, Wayne. I looked back, but did not find what type and what size of rope you use? Sorry if it was stated already. In many ways I think your test is the best - we can all duplicate it pretty easily.

I found Carl's exercise of plotting the data and using the easiest curve fitter available (your eyeball) valuable after the exhaustive numerical methods discussion. Look at the data - hand draw your own best fit lines (mine is almost on top of the one drawn using all the math), draw the limits of accuracy (or noise) as Carl's red curves show. Look at it and decide for yourself whether the data points show a strong trend or are all over the place (too much noise). The data looks pretty good to me using the trusty eyeball method.

And can someone explain the definition of blunting? Will we define it using our test (how fast we are losing cutting ability?), or using an absolute definition (change in sharpness/work done?). Or will we just switch back and forth without mention (as we discuss theory and test results). I'm still hung up on definitions...

I too would like to see a more detailed explanation (or a more detailed proof) of the model.
 
Broos asked:

“And can someone explain the definition of blunting? Will we define it using our test (how fast we are losing cutting ability?), or using an absolute definition (change in sharpness/work done?). Or will we just switch back and forth without mention (as we discuss theory and test results). I'm still hung up on definitions...”

I’ll take a shot at blunting. I’d say the first possibility it that it is possible on a chopping knife that was too soft for the task at hand. Another possibility is that the edge was not “true sharp”. It may have been false sharp because the burr or wire edge was not properly removed by abrasive action on the stone. When a knife is put into use with the burr not removed it will be pulled out and leave what appears to be flat areas when looked at edge-on with a 30X microscope. The Verhoeven sharpening experiments showed that the burr can be completely bent over and folded against the side of the edge by the action of a steel. This might appear as blunting if viewed only with the naked eye.

Some sharpening instructions say that the burr can be removed with a steel. This is not possible in my experience. The action of the steel either bends it over or breaks it off. I define sharp as two straight lines that meet at infinity. Infinity may not be possible but it seems that with proper sharpening technique the very edge should at least as thin as the grain size of the steel.

I should add that most meat cutters and cooks work with the wire edge lined up on their relatively soft stainless knives. They are in a different world than that of the hunter.

Wayne G
 
The term “soft back” doesn’t necessarily mean the back is dead soft. When a bladesmith or stock removal maker does a soft back draw/temper on the back of a blade it is taken to spring temper, usually in the mid 40’s.

Have no fear about the FFD2 blades, the “soft” backs are spring tempered.

There has been so much talk about details of charting test results has it been forgotten that the FFD2 cuts approximately ten times longer than properly heat treated standard D2? Same sharpening, same cross section geometty, fair tests.

Wayne G
 
The term “soft back” doesn’t necessarily mean the back is dead soft. When a bladesmith or stock removal maker does a soft back draw/temper on the back of a blade it is taken to spring temper, usually in the mid 40’s.

Have no fear about the FFD2 blades, the “soft” backs are spring tempered.

There has been so much talk about details of charting test results has it been forgotten that the FFD2 cuts approximately ten times longer than properly heat treated standard D2? Same sharpening, same cross section geometty, fair tests.

Wayne G

Wayne,

We're trying (albeit only partially successfully) to get the FFD2 comments on the other thread which focuses on the FFD2 performance. This thread is intended to be about testing and data analysis methodology. I should probably have posted my hand-drawn plots on the other thread.

Anyway, FFD2 should go on the other thread; questions or discussion about testing edge retention should go here, if we had a perfect world.

Carl

P.S. Let my add my congratulations to Stevens on your award at the Blade Show. That's a really strong recognition of your abilities. Congratulations!
 
Carl,

Sorry for getting off subject, sometimes I forget where I'm at in the threads.

You're welcome on the congratulations. I think it shows that sticking to the fundamentals is a good thing. I've never considered that anything I owned or learned was mine to keep. God gives us what we have as a free gift and as such it should be shared, not kept to ourselves.

Wayne G
 
Wayne,

I want to send along my Congratulations too. Very nice work and well deserved.

Carl,

Sorry for getting off subject, sometimes I forget where I'm at in the threads.

Don't worry Wayne, I' lost in these threads as well.

.....I've never considered that anything I owned or learned was mine to keep. God gives us what we have as a free gift and as such it should be shared, not kept to ourselves.

Wayne G

Very nice thought Wayne. Thanks for sharing with us. I hope we continue to work together.

TN
 
Have you done the math to show the lack of correlation?

Buck does, the engineers report to Chuck but at a lay level. He was simply noting the performance ratios off of the CATRA data did not represent what happened when the knives were used by people. He specifically cited the blunting mechanism ignored and this mechanism is basic physics, edges will deform and chip under lateral loads when used by people. I cited a simple example to prove this with the razor blade.Contact him and ask for the actual data if you are interested. You can also see the data reported by Landes in his book where he talks about edge stability which is ignored by CATRA type testing.

Again, have you done the math and calculated these quantities?

Whenever I did it obviously, one of the main things you can do is trade accuracy for time (sin(x)=x). This tends to be perfectly fine in fitting in most cases because the noise in the data is larger than the approximation, you can calculate these as well of course.

Actually, I'm not getting PAID anything for this work.

My mistake I assumed you worked for the company that was developing this process. So you have no mometary connection to the friction forged process?

Sorry, in my world the name of an author doesn't constitute a reference.

When someone mentioned that Verhoeven had performed sharpness experiments I did a literature search and it only took a few minutes to find the relevant papers. I cited a number of authors who have done significant research in a field directly related to work you are involved in and you ignore it because you don't have the exact paper references, don't ever look them up, your loss.

Can you give me a list of the models you use, in addition to the one I quoted, or specific references to the other models?

They are not significantly different, either normalized, inverted or without the initial constant depending on what is being fitted. I tried a number of plots to see which ones were most easily understood by other people. Normalized sharpness was the one I found to work best so far.

I might want to, but I don't.

Yeah because such as disclaimer would be counterproductive to selling the product obviously.

Since you can disprove any assertion by a single counterexample, a link or reference here would strengthen your position.

The sharpness article I cited earlier and someone else cited right after again contains several examples of both. The older reviews are filled with notes where I updated methods of comparison and noted the early methods were problematic. Your arguement here shows a complete ignorance of anything discussed beyond this specific two threads. Now this is ok as everyone is new to a forum at one time but to make generalizations of that type is pretty absurd.

Cliff, you complain about noise, and then you add it. You know perfectly well that the code asked for was not random number generation code, but the code to perform your analysis.

That was my point, all you needed to know was that I did a random normal spread, the code is not relevant. Just like the code for the cut ratio algorithm doesn't matter either.

How would I tell when "the fits just go undefined"? What is the behavior of your algorithm when the fits go undefined?

The fits are undefined when they don't converge or the parameters are undefined (uncertainty is too large). You can calculate the probability of significance as well by looking at the chi-square difference for the introduction of additional parameters. It isn't "my" algorithm either, this is all standard nonlinear least squares.

...that a soft edge will bend, a too-hard edge will chip, and a just-right edge will flex, then return, without chipping or bending.

This is a completely undefined test, all steels have an elastic region obviously. I showed years ago how the same edge would pass or fail (both ways) this test simply by adjusting the angle. THis is basic metallurgy and shown clearly by any stress/strain graph.

As can be seen in the image, the curves fit the data quite nicely, even though there is noise.

No they don't, there is a math definition of that statement and it failed there as I described clearly.

Since Cliff prefers to calculate a cut ratio, and the non-linear optimization routine he uses can't handle the amount of noise in this data, I decided to try a worst-case analysis.

I don't prefer to use non-linear methods, the curve is non-linear so you have to if you are going to model it.

[/quote]... because we weren't using Cliff's algorithm. So the data is not well suited for Cliff's algorithm. Probably the next time, we'll take more data to do a better job of matching his algorithm.[/quote]

THis is just absurd again, it isn't a personal issue. Again, the data is perfectly fitted by the model I developed, it is only when you manipulated it that the noise grew and it became undefined.

No, I can't put confidence limits on the data.

This isn't difficult at all, do it the same way I did for the cut ratio.

But this is the data that Cliff said he couldn't draw any conclusions from.

You can draw conclusions from anything, the point is are they supported by the data and do the transformations you have performed make sense. If you have two functions f1,f2, the difference or ratio of these functions will be effected by any calculations on them. You can make this difference or ratio as large as you want by the appropiate transformations on the functions. You could easily transform the functions so the advantage of the FF D2 was a million percent. Don't tell me this isn't obvious to you.

is it just loss, or other deformation?

Wear, deformation and chipping. As noted in the above you can model all of these separately but you would need very precise data. Chipping would just be a statistical modeling. I have interest in looking at this on Landes data because that is exactly what he measures in his edge stability tests where for example AEB-L is far ahead of RWL34. But on a CATRA the performance would be very different. Which one actually measures the edge retention?

-Cliff
 
Here comes the famous statement again:

........... He specifically cited the blunting mechanism ignored and this mechanism is basic physics, edges will deform and chip under lateral loads when used by people.

-Cliff


Carl started this thread so we could have a "geek" discussion of the principles and methods regarding slicing, push cutting and your analysis approach. We would like more than the "lay person" discussion.

Example from your web site: http://www.cutleryscience.com/reviews/model.html

.... C(x)~/(Fw+Fe(x))

Assuming the rate of metal loss from an edge is inversely proportional to the amount of metal loss which would be reasonable based on a few physical principles, this would predict square root behavior for the increase in force. Allowing for some variance from this exact model for a few physical reaons Fe(x) would be expected to be :

Fe=Fi xb ....

I will be more specific than I was in my last post. The statements from your web site (one example highlighted in bold and underlined above) are too vague.

So I'll repeat:

Can you please show/describe in physics or engineering principles the "physics of the mechanics of blunting". I have a hard time seeing this accounted for in the data/analysis that you have provided or directed us to on your web site.

Still waiting..
 
I expanded on this in detail in the above and cited references which do so in more detail including Landes work which shows the mechanism in detail of edge stability with pictures of carbide tearout on an actual edge and explains the principles behind edge stability from a physics point of view with a focus on the metallurgy, specifically aus-grain, martensitic needle length and carbide volume/aggregates.

-Cliff
 
PatriotDan said:
I've never heard of unhardened spine with differential heat treat. It's been from mid 40s to low 50s as far as I've read.

The term “soft back” doesn’t necessarily mean the back is dead soft. When a bladesmith or stock removal maker does a soft back draw/temper on the back of a blade it is taken to spring temper, usually in the mid 40’s.
Have no fear about the FFD2 blades, the “soft” backs are spring tempered.
There has been so much talk about details of charting test results has it been forgotten that the FFD2 cuts approximately ten times longer than properly heat treated standard D2? Same sharpening, same cross section geometty, fair tests.Wayne G


Thanks Wayne. That's what I thought of differential hardening until some suggested that some people do nothing but harden the cutting edge and it is left totally soft.
 
Cliff,

I've succeeded in using octave and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm to fit curves of your model to the data from our tests. I get the same coefficients as you did, and an R^2 for the fits in excess of 90% (91% for the S90V and 97% for the FFD2).

However, I'm unclear as to how you calculate your parameter uncertainty estimates from the parameter correlation or parameter covariance matrices. Could you please enlighten me?

Thanks,

Carl
 
The standard equations are given in numerical recipies. I ran the above in gnuplot which you can't use for serious analysis, but this was a small data set and you can integrate the analysis with the plotting which is nice. Plus it is also script driven and freeware.

-Cliff
 
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