Friction Forged Blades : CATRA tests

Sword and Shield: I was writing my reply when you posted yours. Because the blade varies so greatly in hardness I would expect extra special care would need to be taken in order to avoid removing more material from the top of the blade flats as from the 1/3" or so at the edge (the hard bit). If done using a jig this is less of a concern and the hardness of the edge would come into play. No idea how much though.:D
 
Grindability is just a measure of ease of grinding, how fast metal will be removed. Given the inferred high wear resistance (by the graph I showed in the above) it should be very difficult to grind and thus time consuming to reprofile.

However with the right stones this isn't an issue. I have reground the edges on full hard 1095, M2 and even ultra high carbide steels like 10V with the stone I noted. There are even more coarse waterstones which I have been meaning to try out.

Generally what do you settle on for your final edge geometry for various knives?

-Cliff
 
I know nothing of steels so would friction forging work with titanium?

Friction Stir Welding has been used with Titanium, but the tools that are used are made of tungsten, and bits of the tungsten end up in the titanium zone. It might be useful for knives, but as far as I know, nobody's tried it for knives.

Carl
-------------------------------
It is not necessary to believe things in order to reason about them
It is not necessary to understand things in order to argue about them.
- P.A. Caron de Beaumarchais, French Author, 1732-1799
 
Cliff: I think that helps to answer Swords question, thanks for the clarification on your meaning. This thread is more about the process and effects than the geometry of the production knives DiamonBlades has chosen. Your second reply seems quite a bit more relevant.

I've got my fingers crossed that at least one of the designs soon to be released has a geometry that will make me happy. Geometry is a matter of preference and application so one size certainly doesn't fit all. In general though I like my edges thin (probably too thin). I've got a post floating around here somewhere that has a few of my current working edge geometries. As for blade geometry, knives that are used as knives, not pry bars or splitting mauls... Something in the 4-5 in length range with a 3mm thickness a 1.25" or so width with a high or full flat grind sounds just about perfect.
 
This is not a correct summary of what I said. I said that when you plotted the graph the primary way as shown in your pdf it both increased the noise significantly, even worse coupled it now with both axes which makes all linear problems nonlinear (NEVER DO THAT), and the data simple becomes undefined as there is far too much scatter. If you did a simple montecarlo simulation you would see that which blade was superior was actually undefined.

I honestly don't know what simple monte carlo simulation you think I should do to show that the data is undefined. I've read your website, and looked up everything I can find on your method, but I don't know what you base your statement on. If you would be willing to explain the simulation method, I'd be happy to do it so I can understand.

Ok, just wanted to clear up a few issues, then you can continue with whatever lies you want completely ignored.
I don't want any lies completely ignored. If there's a problem with my method, I want to understand it. Please help me so that I can fix things.

Why don't they model the data, probably because they can't. The model I proposed fits their data perfectly and allows the calculation of specific cut ratios and their uncertainties, which I have shown with several sets, both on CATRA and the different machine here.

I think (but don't know because you haven't explained it clearly) that one of your concerns about the data is that there is too much uncertainty in the model parameters. If so (and I recognize I'm taking a stretch here), how does that square with the idea that the model "fits their data perfectly"?


Note as well all nonlinear problems have multiple solutions so you have to be careful to note you have the absolute minimum not just a local one, this is where you have to use montecarlo simulations.

In this quote, it appears that you are referring to a nonlinear minimization problem to determine some parameters. Since it's a "math problem", it should have a mathematical statement. Could you please provide the nonlinear math problem to be solved using monte carlo simulation?

You can only do that if the model supports it. This makes a number of assumptions about the underlying data which are not true in this case.

Would you please list the assumptions necessary that are not true in this case?

The math will not support you there either because the noise is too high.

Would you please show me the noise analysis you have done to demonstrate that the noise is too high?

Given that the nature of the process is one that refines the ausgrain and the carbide structure, I would suggest that you test push cutting at lower angles as the steel should outperform S90V very strongly there. This would seem to be the true advantage of the steel. I would combine this with sharpening on nondiamond abrasives to show that the steel is superior there because of the lack of a large volume fraction of vanadium carbides.

Thank you for the suggestions. Perhaps once the blades are in the market and we have time to catch our breath we will explore these areas. But it looks to me like at the angles we tested, FFD2 outperformed s90V very strongly.

Building a maching to test human edge retention is also nonsense and no sensible bio-engineer would do that for the reasons I have described in the above. The results are going to be meaningless. I have again cited two examples of blades which show that method to be flawed, one of them shows that it is in fact absurd.
I'm not sure which example you refer to here. Could you give me a specific citation?

You of course couple this with sensible testing proceedures from your test team and you use the required methods to produce UNBIASED results. If you are not clear what these are then just ask and I will tell you.
I'm not clear what you consider the required methods to produce unbiased results, so please tell me.

Thanks in advance for your clarification.

Carl
-------------------------------
It is not necessary to believe things in order to reason about them
It is not necessary to understand things in order to argue about them.
- P.A. Caron de Beaumarchais, French Author, 1732-1799
 
I have to wonder. If you can get D-2 up to Rc 67, what could you do with steel that is optimized for this process? If I ever got my hands on a salt bath good enough to heat treat modern steel one of the first things I’d do is try some CPM Rex 76 at Rc 69. Now, if steel like that can get to Rc 69 normally then do you think it would be possible for this process to bring that number up into the seventies? That would be awesome. Have you guys considered working with Crucible (or any other foundry) to try and make something that works ideally with Friction Forging?
Thanks for your time and keep up the good work.

Joshua,

We'd like to do that work, and I anticipate it will be done in the future. We don't think that FFD2 is the end of the road, but the beginning.

Carl
-------------------------------
It is not necessary to believe things in order to reason about them
It is not necessary to understand things in order to argue about them.
- P.A. Caron de Beaumarchais, French Author, 1732-1799
 
Has the mythical packed edge become a reality? :D Hey Wayne, are there plans to produce folders from this steel? This crossover of technologies sounds like a real innovation.

DON'T GET ME STARTED ON PACKED EDGES!!!!!:D

There is a folder in the works.

Carl
 
I've got my fingers crossed that at least one of the designs soon to be released has a geometry that will make me happy.

I would be surprised if Goddard's knives were unsuitable. If you regrind those then you are likely to regrind everything. I think an ideal geometry would be similar to Krein's regrinds of the Spyderco's that have been propogating as of late.

I don't want any lies completely ignored.

Was not referring to you with that statement.

I think (but don't know because you haven't explained it clearly) that one of your concerns about the data is that there is too much uncertainty in the model parameters. If so (and I recognize I'm taking a stretch here), how does that square with the idea that the model "fits their data perfectly"?

The reason it doesn't fit is because of calculations which as noted introduce another nonlinearity and amplify the noise. It fits the actual raw data fine as noted, this would then obviously prove that the physical behavior is modeled. You can take any data set and by repeated calculations make it unable to be modeled by anything becuase you can make it undetermined as the noise will exceed the signal by sufficient amounts. This is a trivial pure math proof, as it is just an infinite limit problem. If you don't see this then I can generate a simple data set for some simple physical law and then show how it can be made undefined. One trivial way is to just look at differences because very quickly the signal to noise will approach zero. This of course does not mean the data does not fit the model as again you have to look at the raw data, most times, in some cases you can linearize it, or put it through some kind of filter/window to remove background noise, but such things are highly suspect to debate. In general it is best to work with the raw data and add any extra functions to model whatever you are trying to remove directly. This also allows you to determine any correlation functions associated with the unwanted behavior.


Could you please provide the nonlinear math problem to be solved using monte carlo simulation?

I have discussed this in detail in other posts where I show how you can calculate the spread of the cut ratio using a monte carlo simulation on the raw data. This in fact ignores all models, it doesn't even use one and uses the raw data directly to calculate the cut ratio. To be clear, there is no model involved at all. The performance advantage comes from the unaltered data. I have done that in the past on many occasions.

You can do the exact same thing for the shaving sharpness comparison. If you are actually serious about wanting the calculations performed for the REST data then I'll do them shortly. I have to do a series of ANOVA calculations on a large scale sharpness project first though for someone else who is working on a huge edge retention project and wants proof one way or another of some conclusions.

I can write some code for you to actually do this yourself if you tell me which system you are using and which compilers you have. I actually do it in free software, out of amusement I wrote the montecarlo part in AWK last year, but sensibly it would be in matlab or similar. There are free versions of this you can use which would be much more robust and flexible. If you tell me what kind of interface/options you would want it would be easy to generate the code.

Would you please list the assumptions necessary that are not true in this case?

if you want to compare averages then your data would correctly have to be modeled by F(X)=c because an average is just a least squares fit of that model. If this isn't the model which describes your data then you can't use the parameters it predicts obviously.

But it looks to me like at the angles we tested, FFD2 outperformed s90V very strongly.

I am not sure you understood what I said, I was noting where the difference in performance would be greater for your process and thus show the largest difference in your favor. If you wanted to be complete you could show the worst comparison in your favor which would be high angles slicing with S90V with coarse edges. The user could then infer in general to expect a difference inbetween those two. In fact if you wanted you could do the results over a range of angles, cut types and grits and send me the data and I would model all of that and allow you (or the user) to calculate what advantage he would see given his choices in the above. I have been meaning to do that personally for some time but generating the data does take awhile and I find it rather boring considering the volume of material that the steels I tend to favor now require to blunt, M2 at 66 HRC for example.

I'm not sure which example you refer to here. Could you give me a specific citation?

Buck's Ionfusion blades are a known commercial example. There is also some data going to be released soon of another blade material which actually ignores CATRA testing as noted, the blade does not actually blunt at all on a full dat on the machine. Before anyone gets excited the blade material is useless for humans, it just exploits a huge systematic bias in such testing as did the Ionfusion blades.

I'm not clear what you consider the required methods to produce unbiased results, so please tell me.

The user and the test organizer can not know which blades have undergone which process. This is the way I conduct the test group that I organize for example. I have also done this myself and only after I have published the work to the maker will I know which blades have which steel/heat treatment. I also do other things to remove bias when I do know the blades details such as have an unknown amount of work done by another and only after i have competed my work is this revealed. This prevents me from introducing any bias due to personal preference because I have no ability to know when the performance should degrade obviously. There are other things you can do such as use uncalibrated stock which is only calibrated after the cutting, etc. . I do that as well.

-Cliff
 
The user and the test organizer can not know which blades have undergone which process. This is the way I conduct the test group that I organize for example. I have also done this myself and only after I have published the work to the maker will I know which blades have which steel/heat treatment. I also do other things to remove bias when I do know the blades details such as have an unknown amount of work done by another and only after i have competed my work is this revealed. This prevents me from introducing any bias due to personal preference because I have no ability to know when the performance should degrade obviously. There are other things you can do such as use uncalibrated stock which is only calibrated after the cutting, etc. . I do that as well.

Thanks, Cliff, for your explanation. I understand your concern, especially when testing is subjective (e.g. shaving, or push cutting rope, etc.). Double blind would clearly be the best test strategy for ensuring no bias in the results. And in this sense, bias can occur unintentionally.

Unfortunately, I can't think of a way to do a double blind study in this case, because the FFD2 zone is clearly visible on the blade, so everybody involved would know which blade was which. I'll get to work on thinking about how we might simulate the FF zone on other blades so as to make a double-blind study possible.

Carl
-------------------------------
It is not necessary to believe things in order to reason about them
It is not necessary to understand things in order to argue about them.
- P.A. Caron de Beaumarchais, French Author, 1732-1799
 
I have discussed this in detail in other posts where I show how you can calculate the spread of the cut ratio using a monte carlo simulation on the raw data. This in fact ignores all models, it doesn't even use one and uses the raw data directly to calculate the cut ratio. To be clear, there is no model involved at all. The performance advantage comes from the unaltered data. I have done that in the past on many occasions.

Cliff,

Tracy and Carl put their data in an easy-to-access location. NO ONE but you cares about what you have discussed in detail previously, in relation to the current discussion.

If you just keep your answers simple, it will make this less painful for all involved.

STeven Garsson
 
Unfortunately, I can't think of a way to do a double blind study in this case, because the FFD2 zone is clearly visible on the blade, so everybody involved would know which blade was which. I'll get to work on thinking about how we might simulate the FF zone on other blades so as to make a double-blind study possible.

Maybe a laminate?
 
Quote from Carl:
Could you please provide the nonlinear math problem to be solved using monte carlo simulation?
End of quote from Carl

I have discussed this in detail in other posts where I show how you can calculate the spread of the cut ratio using a monte carlo simulation on the raw data. This in fact ignores all models, it doesn't even use one and uses the raw data directly to calculate the cut ratio. To be clear, there is no model involved at all. The performance advantage comes from the unaltered data. I have done that in the past on many occasions.

Cliff, you have been such a prolific poster in these forums that I don't know how to find the post to which you refer. Would you be willing to post me a link that describes the simulation? I need information about the parameters to modified randomly (that's the monte carlo part of the simulation, for those who don't know) and the function that is to be calculated from the parameters. Then I can do the monte carlo simulation; I've got lots of experience with monte carlo simulations.

You can do the exact same thing for the shaving sharpness comparison. If you are actually serious about wanting the calculations performed for the REST data then I'll do them shortly. I have to do a series of ANOVA calculations on a large scale sharpness project first though for someone else who is working on a huge edge retention project and wants proof one way or another of some conclusions.
I'd love to have you do the calculations. But more importantly, I'd love to understand HOW you do the calculations, so that I can do them myself. So any papers, or posts, or links you have to the calculations you do would be very helpful to me.

I can write some code for you to actually do this yourself if you tell me which system you are using and which compilers you have. I actually do it in free software, out of amusement I wrote the montecarlo part in AWK last year, but sensibly it would be in matlab or similar. There are free versions of this you can use which would be much more robust and flexible. If you tell me what kind of interface/options you would want it would be easy to generate the code.

I can do the programming myself, and I have access to about any compiler/calculation environment I might need. I have GNU octave, which is one matlab equivalent. All I need is a description of the algorithm; I'd even take your AWK source if that were the easiest thing for you.


if you want to compare averages then your data would correctly have to be modeled by F(X)=c because an average is just a least squares fit of that model. If this isn't the model which describes your data then you can't use the parameters it predicts obviously.
That's true. But there are any number of models that could be fit. It's not clear to me that the model necessarily has to be the model of edge retention that you propose.

Buck's Ionfusion blades are a known commercial example. There is also some data going to be released soon of another blade material which actually ignores CATRA testing as noted, the blade does not actually blunt at all on a full dat on the machine. Before anyone gets excited the blade material is useless for humans, it just exploits a huge systematic bias in such testing as did the Ionfusion blades.

Do you have any data on these examples, or a link to a place where you discuss these examples in detail?


Thanks for your helpful comments.


Carl
-------------------------------
It is not necessary to believe things in order to reason about them
It is not necessary to understand things in order to argue about them.
- P.A. Caron de Beaumarchais, French Author, 1732-1799
 
Here is the information:

http://www.cutleryscience.com/papers/DiamondBlade info.pdf

Now I am going to show you how this is an example of really misleading and biased statistical analysis.

In short, the information provided raises some interesting questions such as why was the FF D2 blade so much sharper initially (wrong abrasives used I would assume). But give no clear evidence of edge retention increase and in fact show it to be inferior in rate of degredation to S90V by 2:1.

This is why I have said many times that what you do has no bearing on if something is "scientific" or not, but how the data in interpreted and what conclusions are drawn. This is an example of a lot of precise numbers which are not utilized properly and the conclusions presented are not rigerously supported by the analysis.

-Cliff
:barf:
LMAO!
pr-Cookware-Action_Africa_Potjie_Cast_Iron_Potbelly_Pot-resized200.jpg
hy-c_KP-BlackKettle.jpg
 
I need information about the parameters to modified randomly (that's the monte carlo part of the simulation, for those who don't know) ...

You would do that in the initial stages to verify the robustness of the of the fitting, I do that as well, but I was speaking of using monte carlo methods to generate pseudo data sets to show the results that the noise will have on the inferences. You generally only do this when it is difficult to calculate the uncertainties directly from the correlation matrix. But now you can generate 100 data sets and look at the model spread graphically instantly on even a regular home system. It used to take me longer just to type in the command to initiate the program than it would be for the program to update the graph.

I'd even take your AWK source if that were the easiest thing for you.

You clearly don't understand my style of coding, that would be a cruel thing to force on someone. The algorithm is actually quite simple, it is just brute force methods on curve intersection. For each point on one curve you find the point on the other curve which bound it, i.e. y1(x1) < y2(x) < y1(x2). Start off assuming the same point and then just go up or down as required to find the bounds. Now do a linear/spine approximation to get the approximate intersect value, i.e., y1(x')=y2(x).

This ratio x/x' is then the cut ratio, which means quite simply how much more material one blade can cut than another to a given sharpness. That is what most people would be interested in (the sharpness ratio at a cut length is of course trivial to calculate y2(x)/y1(x)). This procedure is repeated for the domain to generate the cut ratio data set. Now to take into account the noise in the data you do a montecarlo simulation on the raw data to thus produce a set of cut ratio values and you can present the mean values of these.

I started doing this because I didn't like the fact that the cut ratio was dependent on the model of the data regardless of how it fit so I made its calculation independent. The model I still use because I want to determine how to actually calculate the parameters from the physical properties of the steel, wear resistance and so on. Plus I wanted to make a point that you will see the same general trend in blunting no matter what media, method of cutting, grit, angle, etc. .

I also want to make it clear that the process is nonlinear because as it very clear in the above almost no one understands what this implies and hence the absurd statements which are made which are very unrealistic and even insensible. There needs to be an understanding that saying steel A has 10% better edge retention than steel B is just nonsense given the nonlinearity of the problem. You can't average either, it is just as meaningess. You can of course give a range but you have to be clear always about what you are saying.

That's true. But there are any number of models that could be fit.

Unless they are the exact one I noted y(x)=c you can not use an average to compare. The reason I use the model I do to fit sharpness/cutting ability is because it is based on the physics of blunting, it isn't an emperical model. This is a very critical point. Of course there are many emperical models but these are very different, a simple infinite power series will fit any function obviously, this is basic calculus. But this has no basic in physical modeling which is what I proposed.

Unfortunately, I can't think of a way to do a double blind study in this case, because the FFD2 zone is clearly visible on the blade, so everybody involved would know which blade was which.

Coat the blades.

-Cliff
 
Cliff,
Most of this stuff is way past my current level of understanding, but, tell me something...if the edge of the FFD2 is so hard, if I was using this blade in the field, and I hit some bone, or twisted the blade upon hitting some bone, I can't believe that the edge wouldn't just snap off. Wouldn't you think that this would be the case? Or, if I happened to drop the knife?
- Thanks
 
You reworded my question and sidestepped it. I reprofile about everything as it is, so go from there, as I asked... how hard to reprofile?

You would need to use a bench stone or a very well-cooled automatic grinder. The FFD2 region is sensitive to grinding heat. If you put it on a belt grinder, I'm sure you'd ruin the edge properties.

I would expect a silicon carbide waterstone to be able to reprofile the blade without too much problem, but I've never done the task. The blade profiles on DiamondBlades are put on with a Siepmann (sp?) NC grinder. We've also made blade profiles on a traditional surface grinder, with slow cuts and excellent cooling.

Carl
-------------------------------
It is not necessary to believe things in order to reason about them
It is not necessary to understand things in order to argue about them.
- P.A. Caron de Beaumarchais, French Author, 1732-1799
 
Cliff,
Most of this stuff is way past my current level of understanding, but, tell me something...if the edge of the FFD2 is so hard, if I was using this blade in the field, and I hit some bone, or twisted the blade upon hitting some bone, I can't believe that the edge wouldn't just snap off. Wouldn't you think that this would be the case? Or, if I happened to drop the knife?
- Thanks

I'm not Cliff, but I will tell you that chop tests on FFD2 demonstrated less propensity for chipping than traditional D2 at HRC 61. We've chopped pine, desert ironwood, bone, elk antler, brick, cast iron, and knife steels.

Wayne's done some serious chop testing on a blade; ask him about his results.

I'm sure Cliff can give an opinion, but it would be based on extrapolation, not on testing, because he hasn't yet tested an FFD2 blade. I hope he'll get one to test soon, so we can see his evaluation.

Thanks,

Carl
-------------------------------
It is not necessary to believe things in order to reason about them
It is not necessary to understand things in order to argue about them.
- P.A. Caron de Beaumarchais, French Author, 1732-1799
 
...if the edge of the FFD2 is so hard, if I was using this blade in the field, and I hit some bone, or twisted the blade upon hitting some bone, I can't believe that the edge wouldn't just snap off.

Actually the edge strength of the high hardness steels is greater and they take more force to break when loaded slowly (this means in relationship to the movement of the slip planes which is fairly fast), assuming of course they are tempered properly.

Now the impact toughness can be much lower but in this case it would be wrong to infer brittleness on par with ingot D2 because the ausgrain is much finer and the carbides fewer and less distributed. You would expect a toughness more in line with something like AEB-L at 65 HRC vs ingot D2 at 65 HRC.

I would expect a silicon carbide waterstone to be able to reprofile the blade without too much problem, but I've never done the task.

I have reground steels like 10/15V on those stones and the grindability of those steels is HORRIBLE. There is also the new XX-coarse DMT which Thom has used to actually rework primary grinds.

In regards to your statement on the edge chipping (or lack thereof) this is the kind of thing I was talking about in the above. Note that this statement has been made by makers about every new steel which has hit the market.

The problem is that there is no reference. What steels would have chipped when given the same treatment. What steels also would not have. You need baselines. Use stock heat treatments on other steels which are public knowledge.

-Cliff
 
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