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Let's say we have a metal (0170-6C) rectangular bar, uniformly hardened to 58HRC exactly.
Case 1) - Bar width is 30mm, thickness is 4mm and the length is 150mm. Bar is fixed in a vise, let's say at 50mm mark.
Case 2) Exactly same as above, except bar thickness is 4.4mm and length is 200mm.
The nature of the force applied to the bar is the same (i.e. both are impacts, or both are constantly applied), and so is the moment distance.
Now, can you calculate or estimate how much mire force would be needed to break or bend the shorter bar?
For strength, yes - every ME student does similar calculations in their 2nd year. And the steel can't tell whether a person or a machine is applying the load - it will (given no other issues that will cause premature failure) break when the tensile strength of the steel is exceeded. You test for tensile strength with a machine that pulls a standard test specimen apart while measuring and recording tension on the test piece.
For impact tests, you can make a calculation, but test results often have scatter. As I mentioned, there is lots of info on impact testing on the web available for your perusal.