Whats the difference between edge retention and wear resistance?
Hoo boy. Let's leave geometry out of it for now and just focus on the definitions.
Pure wear resistance means just that... how much a material resists being worn away. It can be tested very accurately by simply grinding or media-blasting a certain steel with a known abrasive, and weighing it before and after.
Edge retention is a lot more complex and involves several characteristics; wear resistance is only one of them. Resistance to chipping or breakage (toughness) plays a big role, too. (think ceramic blades... it doesn't matter much if an edge is highly wear-resistant, if it chips out the first time it encounters anything but fresh fish.) This is commonly measured by something called a "Charpy test". Basically they take a piece of material and see how much impact it takes to break it.
On the other hand, strength/hardness (resistance to deformation) is important too... it's nice if your edge doesn't chip, but not so nice if it just folds over when you try to use it. This is what Rockwell hardness testing measures... how much does the test point deform the steel?
Corrosion-resistance does play a part in all this, but not as directly. It only comes into context when an edge is subjected to moisture, salt etc and literally rusts away.
Generally, there's a fair degree of compromise between these attributes... the old "carbon vs. stainless" debate hinges largely on steels that are tough and easy to sharpen but don't stay sharp very long, and steels that are less tough and more difficult to sharpen, but stay sharp a lot longer... as long as they don't chip. Studying all this has led to some really remarkable steels in the last couple decades, and you don't really have to make such a disparate choice anymore if you don't want to. There's a lot of middle ground, so to to speak, with steels that overlap into the "best of both worlds".
When steel geeks get all wound up about "well-balanced" alloys, that's what we're blathering on about... the "Holy Grail" is a steel/HT protocol that allows for a high degree of wear-resistance PLUS a high degree of toughness, PLUS high strength... and it should be reasonably stable (resist rust) in sometimes very caustic environments.
The short answer is "CPM-3V" followed closely by "Elmax". INFI ain't too shabby either.
