Sorry for the delayed response, David. We're not supposed to get political, and the Common Core Curriculum has become a real political football, with people seeing implications for the old battles of states' rights (or even local school districts' rights) versus "one nation ... indivisible", or even connections to the difficult balance between "liberty AND justice for ALL". So I don't want to address any of those disagreements (often between people who really know very little about data-driven best practices in teaching and learning, other than their own school experiences).
So my personal opinion of Common Core for math is that it's common sense. I think you accurately characterized Common Core standards for math as proposing that students learn both HOW math works (often called procedural knowledge) and WHY it works (part of what's called conceptual knowledge). In our society today, much of the procedural stuff can be quickly and accurately done by technology, but the "why" can only be handled by humans. For example, 36 divided by 3 is easy to calculate. But I think Common Core rightly expects that if kids are to be confident and creative users of math, they need to know a lot more than just 36/3 = 12.
For example, if I have 36 pocket knives that I want to give to 3 friends, and I want to know how many knives each friend gets, 36 divided by 3 is what we need. But if I have 36 knives that I want to package into boxes of 3, and I want to know how many boxes I'l get, 36 divided by 3 is also what we need. But these two situations are different in the sense that in the first we know how many piles to make and want to find the size of each pile (this is sometimes called "fair sharing"), while in the second we know the size of each pile and want to find how many piles we'll get (this is sometimes called "repeated subtraction" because we keep subtracting 3 knives until we run out). Students ought to learn that both situations call for division. Division of fractions is MUCH easier to understand from a repeated subtraction perspective (3/4 divided by 1/8 asks how many eighths can be subtracted from three fourths, and since each fourth "contains" 2 eighths, there must be a total of 6 eighths in 3/4: 3/4 divided by 1/8 = 6).
I think Common Core also wants students to realize that 36/3 = 12 is related to 3x12 = 36 = 12x3, that multiplication and division are related. Also that 3x12 means 3 groups of 12, 12+12+12, that multiplication can be seen as repeated addition.
And that 3x12 = 3x10 + 3x2 = 30 + 6. The more someone knows about how math ideas are related, the more powerful that knowledge is.
I think the same idea applies to your car analogy. Even though I don't know very much about why cars work, I know a lot more than my daughter does, and I think that makes me a better-equipped car owner than she is. I can do a much better job of trouble-shooting and problem solving than she can, just because I can identify symptoms and their severity and even make reasonable conjectures about what might be wrong based on my better (but still quite limited) understanding of the workings of vehicles.
Probably all you wanted is my bold-faced sentence.


Sorry to lose control!
- GT